While prospecting in 1850, three young men, all aged 21 or younger, discovered gold on a hill on the east side of Greenhorn ridge. The two from Arkansas, Henry Jacob Stehr and the Irishman Joseph Chew (or Chow), named the ravine after their home state of Arkansas. Charles ("Charlie") Wilson of Illinois, the youngest of the three at age 15, named the hill "Red Dog" after a
zinc mine. Mining campsites began to form in Red Dog as well as other places nearby such as
Chalk Bluff ( away),
Hunt's Hill,
Little York and
You Bet ( away). Their existence was tied to ongoing mining operations. Red Dog Mining Company's Mine was situated at an elevation of
above sea level and expanded over . It used water powered through Old Chalk Bluff ditch from the head of Deer Creek. Red Dog evolved from a campsite into a settlement by 1851. During the next four years, it became an active and progressive mining town, replete with a
department store, hotel, restaurant, professional buildings, lodges, and homes. Several times, the town was devastated by fire; each time, it was rebuilt. The fire of January 1859 resulted in an $8,600 loss. The fire of August 1862 destroyed most of the town's business district, resulting in a $50,000 loss. An
Odd Fellows Lodge preceded the building of a
Masonic Lodge, which opened on the east side of Main Street in 1862. In 1863, Main Street and Plumb Street had two general variety stores, a hardware and tin shop, a shoemaker's shop, butcher's shop,
blacksmith's shop, dressmaker's shop, two hotels, three
saloons, and stands for fruit and liquor. Macy & Martin of Red Dog are credited with inventing a rifled nozzle for
hydraulic mining in 1863, an improvement subsequently used by all hydraulic nozzles. Red Dog was on
Mark Twain's 1866 lecture tour that started and ended in
San Francisco, October 1 to December 10. Twain lectured in Red Dog on October 24, which marked the first time he was introduced as Mark Twain rather than Samuel Clemens. An old miner who introduced Twain in Red Dog said he only knew two things about him—that he'd never been in a penitentiary and that, "I can't imagine why." The lecture focused on Twain's travels to the
Sandwich Islands. By 1867, the town had four cement
Stamp mills, including Wright & Company, and Cozzens, Garber & Company. But the continuous rains of 1867–68 washed away the mine's hydraulic ditches and
flumes destroying much of the town. Many of the approximately 300 residents left, and many of the buildings, including the Odd Fellows Lodge, were moved to
You Bet. the Mason's Lodge closed. Red Dog Cemetery is the only part of the
town that remains today. Stehr (died 1881), Stehr's son, Chew (died 1900) and three of Chew's brothers are buried there. == Landmark ==