Harney tried to use the paper to educate the working classes about
socialism and
proletarian internationalism, and advocated socialism within the
trade union movement. The
Red Republican published the first English translation, by
Helen Macfarlane, of the
Communist Manifesto in 1850. The paper was not a financial success and closed down in December of the same year. Subsequently, Harney published the
Friend of the People (December 1850 – April 1852),
Star of Freedom (April 1852 – December 1852) and
The Vanguard (January 1853 – March 1853). ==References==