The original regiment was founded by Argentine national hero
José de San Martín in 1812. Its first military action was the
Battle of San Lorenzo (1813). The regiment also played a key role as part of the
Army of the Andes (
Ejército de los Andes) in the battles of
Chacabuco (1817) and
Maipú (1818) in Chile. Traveling to Perú, Ecuador, and Bolivia, the Grenadiers took part in the Battles of Riobamba,
Pichincha (1822) and
Ayacucho (1824), and in the Cisplatine War. The size of the regiment fell to 120 men and it was disbanded in 1827.
Raising of the Regiment When then Lt. Col. of Cavalry Jose de San Martin arrived on March 9, 1812, the
First Triumvirate recognized him for his services as a
Cavalry officer in the
Spanish Army. After studying the Argentine Army's organizational and strategic problems, he offered to put his experiences from the
Peninsular War to use in assisting with the Argentine War for Independence. On March 12, the Superior Provisional Government gave an order that recognized and confirmed San Martin's services. The Triumvirate had written to the government asking that San Martin be appointed commander of the Mounted Grenadiers Squadron, which was about to be raised. San Martin set out to form a new cavalry corps that would be patterned after the Swiss Army's Mounted Grenadiers. His goal was to create a unit made up of native soldiers trained in cavalry tactics and mounted combat skills that could effectively support the Argentine Army. Over the next several months, he built what became known as the "Mounted Grenadiers Squadron".
Composition of the Horse Grenadiers Squadron (June 1812) The new unit was led by two commanders and eight
officers of cavalry. Non-commissioned officers and enlisted troops numbered nine cavalry
sergeants, three cavalry
corporals, 31 cavalry
grenadiers and one cavalry trumpeter.
Officers and commanders of the Squadron •
Squadron Commander:
Lieutenant Colonel Jose de San Martin • Squadron Corporal Major:
Carlos Maria de Alvear •
Adjutant Major: Francisco Luzuriaga • Guidon Bearer: Manuel Hidalgo
1st Cavalry Troop officers • Cavalry Captain Jose Matias Zapiola • Cavalry Lieutenant Justo Bermudez •
Cornet Hipolito Bouchard
2nd Cavalry Troop officers • Cavalry Captain Pedro Vergara • Cavalry Lieutenant Agenor Murillio • Cornet
Mariano Necochea Organization and recruiting The strict training regimen and rules of conduct established by Jose de San Martin for the Mounted Grenadiers Regiment became a model for the Argentine Army. Rigorous military discipline, especially in maneuvers, training and parade drills were a defining characteristic of the regiment. The
San Martin Code of Honor, still used today by the regiment, set out the rules expected to be followed by each member of the Mounted Grenadiers. San Martin used the Code of Honor in recruiting, training, and leading what became an effective fighting force. Based on the concept of "leading by example", in private life as well as military life, the Regiment's Code of Honor included discipline, courage, and a commitment to training. The Code incorporated fourteen specific points, which stated that it was unbecoming of an officer in the regiment: • To show cowardice in battle. Even lowering one's head will be considered as such. • To not accept a challenge, whether it is just or unjust. • To not demand satisfaction when he has been insulted. • To not defend, at all costs, the honor of his unit when it has been defamed in his presence or elsewhere. • To cheat like a tradesman. • To lack integrity in the management of his unit's interests; such as not paying his troops the money that has been provided for them. • To speak ill of his comrades to soldiers or officers from other military units. • To publicize the discussions held by the officers in their secret meetings. • To fraternize with sergeants, corporals and troopers. • To lay hands on a woman, even if she has insulted him. • To not come to the relief of a comrade who is in danger, when he is able. • To be seen in public with women who are known prostitutes. • To gamble with low and bawdy people outside of the officer corps. • To drink immoderately, in a way that would be prejudicial to the honor of his unit. Sometime later, San Martín wrote a short poem honoring his Grenadiers:
Development from squadron to regiment After a period of recruitment and training, the Second Mounted Grenadiers Squadron was decreed as ready on September 11, 1812, and the Third Mounted Grenadiers Squadron followed in December 1812. By this time, the First Triumvirate had been disbanded as a result of the
Revolution of October 8, 1812, which had been supported by the Second Squadron. San Martin was given the title of
Commander of the Mounted Grenadiers. When the "Mounted Grenadiers Regiment" officially came into existence on December 7, 1812, San Martin was promoted to
colonel and the unit relocated to improved quarters and better stables. Its Fourth Squadron was raised three years later, in 1815.
Baptism by fire: the Battle of San Lorenzo (February 3, 1813) On February 3, 1813, the regiment won the only battle of the Argentine War of Independence led by San Martin. The regiment had proceeded to the town of San Lorenzo in Santa Fe on the previous day to stop an advance landing party of 250 Spanish troops from marching on the capital. The regiment was joined by a militia company led by Celedonio Escalada. Setting up camp at a convent in the town, they remained overnight. At dawn the next day, the regiment assembled in front of the convent. San Martin mounted, addressed the troops, and ordered his squadrons to set off in two 60-man columns. San Martin led one column; Captain Justo Bermudez, from Uruguay, led the other. The 12 remaining men from the regiment formed a reserve platoon. San Martin's troops charged the Spanish battalion, followed by Bermudez bringing up a second charge. San Martin fell from his horse after it was wounded, but was rescued by
Juan Bautista Cabral and
Juan Bautista Baigorria, two men from his regiment. Cabral was mortally wounded in the process and San Martín reported that Cabral's dying words (in Guarani) were: "I die happy, we have defeated the enemy". Moments later, Lieutenant Bouchard killed the Spanish flag bearer, completing the rout of the Spanish forces. The battle lasted only 15 minutes, but left 40 Spanish dead and 16 wounded or captured, and 16 Argentine dead and 22 wounded. The Argentine force also seized two cannons. San Martin ensured that the Spanish wounded and captured were treated humanely. After having breakfast with the Spanish commander, Antonio Zabala, on February 4, San Martin persuaded the Spanish force to defect to the Argentine cause. On his return, San Martin was congratulated by Eastern Bank independence leader José Gervasio Artigas on his first victory. The Second Triumvirate promoted San Martin to General and gave him command of the Buenos Aires garrison forces. === Eastern Bank and the
Army of the North === The next assignment for the regiment was defense duties in an area that is modern day
Montevideo,
Uruguay along with supporting the Army of the North. The First and Second Squadrons joined the Argentine army in Tucuman in January 1814, remaining in northern Upper Peru until 1816, while the Third and Fourth Squadrons were involved in the campaign of liberation in the Banda Oriental, becoming part of the forces that took the city in June 1814. In their performance in the battles for Upper Peru, the 1st and 2nd Squadrons witnessed the events of the
Yatasto relay within days after their arrival. On August that same year, 1814, San Martin assumed the office of provincial governor of Cuyo Province fronting the Chilean border, and the Regiment set up its new home in the province the next year with the 3rd and 4th Squadrons moving there, followed in the next year by the 1st and 2nd Squadrons. Assisted by now Lieutenant Colonel Mariano Necochea, the regiment prepared itself for the liberation of Chile from Spanish rule and thus, together with the newly formed mounted rifle squadron with Necochea as its commanding officer, raised with 300 Horse Grenadiers, formed part of the
Army of the Andes with San Martin himself as its commanding general. It rode towards the Chilean border as part of the
Crossing of the Andes in the late summer of 1817, and upon reaching Chile, fought bravely in the
Battle of Chacabuco in February, later distinguishing themselves the following year in the
Second Battle of Cancha Rayada and the
Battle of Maipú. The regiment, thus, was witness to the
Chilean Declaration of Independence in Santiago on 12 February 1818, one year after the victory in the Chacabuco fields. ==The Mounted Grenadiers of 1903–today==