The respiratory center is divided into three major groups, two in the medulla and one in the pons. The two groups in the medulla are the
dorsal respiratory group and the
ventral respiratory group. In the pons, the
pontine respiratory group is made up of two areas – the pneumotaxic center and the apneustic center. The dorsal and ventral medullary groups control the basic rhythm of respiration. The groups are paired with one on each side of the brainstem.
Dorsal respiratory group The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) has the most fundamental role in the control of respiration, initiating inspiration (inhalation). The DRG is a collection of neurons forming an elongated mass that extends most of the length of the dorsal medulla. They are near to the
central canal of the
spinal cord, and just behind the ventral group. They set and maintain the
rate of respiration. Most of the neurons are located in the
nucleus of the solitary tract. Other important neurons are found in the adjacent areas including the reticular substance of the medulla. The solitary nucleus is the end-point for sensory information arriving from the pontine respiratory group, and from two
cranial nerves – the
vagus nerve, and the
glossopharyngeal nerve. The solitary nucleus sends signals to the respiratory center from
peripheral chemoreceptors,
baroreceptors, and other types of receptors in the
lungs in particular the
stretch receptors. Thus, the dorsal respiratory group is seen as an integrating center that gives the ventral respiratory group output to modify the breathing rhythm. In the medulla, the ventral respiratory group (VRG) consists of four groups of neurons that make up the
exhalation (expiratory) area of respiratory control. This area is in the ventrolateral part of the medulla, about 5 mm anterior and lateral to the dorsal respiratory group. The neurons involved include those in the
nucleus ambiguus, the nucleus retroambiguus, and the
interneurons in the
pre-Bötzinger complex. The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons. The VRG sends inhibitory impulses to the apneustic center.
Pontine respiratory group In the
pontine tegmentum in the pons, the pontine respiratory group (PRG) includes the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers. These have connections between them, and they both form the
solitary nucleus.
Pneumotaxic center The pneumotaxic center is located in the upper part of the pons. Its nuclei are the
subparabrachial nucleus and the
medial parabrachial nucleus. The pneumotaxic center controls both the rate and the pattern of breathing. The pneumotaxic center is considered an
antagonist to the apneustic center (which produces abnormal breathing during inhalation), cyclically inhibiting inhalation. The pneumotaxic center is responsible for limiting inspiration, providing an
inspiratory off-switch (IOS). It limits the burst of
action potentials in the
phrenic nerve, effectively decreasing the
tidal volume and regulating the
respiratory rate. Absence of the center results in an increase in depth of respiration and a decrease in respiratory rate. The pneumotaxic center regulates the amount of air that can be taken into the body in each breath. The dorsal respiratory group has
rhythmic bursts of activity that are constant in duration and interval. When a faster rate of breathing is needed the pneumotaxic center signals the dorsal respiratory group to speed up. When longer breaths are needed the bursts of activity are elongated. All the information that the body uses to help respiration happens in the pneumotaxic center. If this was damaged or in any way harmed it would make breathing almost impossible. One study on this subject was on anaesthetized paralyzed cats before and after bilateral
vagotomy. Ventilation was monitored in awake and anaesthetized cats breathing air or . Ventilation was monitored both before and after lesions to the pneumatic center region and after subsequent bilateral vagotomy. Cats with pontine lesions had a prolonged inhalation duration. In cats, after anaesthesia and vagotomy, pontine transaction has been described as evoking a long sustained inspiratory discharges interrupted by short expiratory pauses. In rats on the other hand, after anaesthesia, vagotomy and pontine transaction, this breathing pattern was not observed, either in vivo or in vitro. These results suggest interspecies differences between rat and cat in the pontine influences on the medullary respiratory center.
Apneustic center The apneustic center of the lower pons appears to promote inhalation by constant stimulation of the neurons in the medulla oblongata. The apneustic center sends signals to the dorsal group in the medulla to delay the 'switch off, the
inspiratory off switch (IOS) signal of the inspiratory ramp provided by the pneumotaxic center. It controls the intensity of breathing, giving positive impulses to the neurons involved with inhalation. The apneustic center is inhibited by pulmonary stretch receptors and also by the pneumotaxic center. It also discharges an inhibitory impulse to the pneumotaxic center. ==Respiratory rhythm==