He was born in
Golungo Alto, in
Portuguese Angola, and studied
philosophy at the
University of Lisbon and
sociology at the
Sorbonne in
Paris. While there, he became active in opposing
Portuguese colonial rule of Angola, and wrote anti-colonial poetry. His brother,
Joaquim Pinto de Andrade, was made the MPLA's first honorary President. (Sarah and Mário would go on to have two daughters,
Henda Ducados Pinto de Andrade and Annouchka de Andrade.) He clashed with his successor,
Agostinho Neto, and in 1974, founded within the MPLA a group called
Revolta Activa (Active Revolt). Angola became independent on November 11, 1975, but Andrade continued to live in exile in
Guinea-Bissau,
Cape Verde and
Mozambique. He died in
London in 1990. ==References==