Early life and first expedition Mason was born in
St Leonards-on-Sea,
Sussex. He was educated at Westerleigh Preparatory School St Leonard's (the school was evacuated to
Black Hall in Avonwick, Devon, from 1940 to 1944) and later in 1948
Lancing College, and then read
medicine at
Magdalen College, Oxford. While at university, he became involved with the
Royal Geographical Society and made friends that would share his love of exploration. In 1958, with fellow Oxford undergraduate
Robin Hanbury-Tenison, he set out on his first expedition, which involved traveling by
jeep across
South America at its widest point, east to west from
Recife, Brazil, to
Lima,
Peru. They were the first explorers to make this journey.
Second expedition and death In 1961, with the aid of the Society once again and additional funding from the
Daily Express newspaper, Mason organized his second, and more ambitious expedition to South America. This would involve the exploration and mapping of the
Iriri River, a tributary of the
Xingu in central
Brazil, then believed to be the longest unexplored river in the world. He took with him fellow
Oxford graduates,
John Hemming, who was deputy leader of the expedition, and
Christopher "Kit" Lambert. The three young men would be going where no
Western man had been before. There were not only no
maps, but no
aerial photographs. By May 1961, the three were flying in a
World War II Dakota plane to a small airstrip in the middle of the Amazon jungle called
Cachimbo, northwest of
Rio de Janeiro. The 11-man expedition included five native porters who would carry their one-and-a-half ton of supplies and a 3-man
survey team from the
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics sent with them by the government to map the unknown areas. The Brazilian government gave the expedition permission to name the features it found, like
waterfalls or
streams, which the party named after their then Brazilian girlfriends. On 12 July 1961, after cutting their way through miles of thick brush with machetes, carrying their now limited supplies, and working off compass bearings and the stars, the expedition finally came across the river on the border of the
Mato Grosso and
Pará states. A camp with a
jetty was built and the five porters started hewing two dugout
canoes out of fallen tree trunks using
axes and
adzes. After this was completed the team was ready to descend the Iriri. The survey team then concluded that the river they found was not in fact the Iriri, but that they were off course. By late August, after adjusting their course and still not able to locate the river, the team began running low on supplies, especially food. It was decided that Hemming should head back to Rio alone and arrange for food and equipment to be flown out by the
Brazilian Air Force. Arriving back in Cachimbo during the first week of September, Hemming was given the news by Lambert that Mason had been killed. It turned out that on 3 September, Mason had been heading back from Cachimbo by himself with a few supplies when an unknown
indigenous hunting party laid an
ambush and killed him with long
bamboo poison arrows and
clubs. When Mason did not return, Lambert and a scout went looking for him. Hemming describes in his 2004 book,
Die If You Must, what they discovered on the trail that they had cut: ''Mason's body was found, lying on the main supply trail a few kilometers from our camp. He was carrying a load (mostly
sugar) ... and had walked into an Indian
ambush. He had been hit by eight arrows, and his
skull and thigh were smashed by club blows. Some 40 arrows and 17 heavy clubs were arranged around the body.'' Accompanied by a member of the
Brazilian Indian Protection Service, Hemming left gifts such as machetes and fishing line at the spot where Mason had been killed to show they bore no ill will to his killers. Hemming and Lambert then helped to carry the body out of the jungle after he had been
embalmed. At Cachimbo a BAF aircraft carrying two doctors and medical supplies arrived, but due to the
torrential rain it was unable to take off again. A second, lighter aircraft had to be chartered to take the group back to Rio. In Rio, Lambert was initially arrested by the
Brazilian police who thought he might have had something to do with the murder, but the
Daily Express, which had helped fund the expedition, intervened and he was released. Mason was buried on 17 September in the
Cemitério dos Ingleses situated in the
Gamboa district in Rio.
The Panará In 1973, the tribe responsible for killing Mason made contact with
civilization after nearly being wiped out by western diseases, especially
measles. They were a people known as the
Panará or
Kreen-Akrore, variations of the
Kayapó name "kran iakarare", which means "round-cut head" – a reference to their traditional haircut. They were very tall and proved to be one of the most warlike indigenous peoples in the Amazon for whom the words "stranger" and "enemy" were the same. They were feared by neighboring tribes who stated that the Panará were at war with everybody. In 1998, Hemming visited the remainder of the Panará tribe and met an old man named Teseya, who remembered the ambush. The native told him that the attackers came from a place called "Yopuyupaw", which means the "village of the round fish". He said that the Indians had heard Mason approaching and it had been the first time they had seen clothes or metal, and that when they saw that he was alone, they immediately killed him. As was their custom, they then left their weapons by his body. Hemming wrote about this encounter in
The Times and in his 2015 book,
Naturalists in Paradise: Wallace, Bates and Spruce in the Amazon, stating:
(The Panará) had had no knowledge of clothes and the swish-swish of Mason’s jeans as he walked had unnerved them. An old lady named Suakye told Hemming they had also found Mason's
revolver and
cigarette lighter and had tried to smash them both. Hemming asked her what had happened to the machetes he left there. The woman then retrieved an old, rusty machete and stuck it in a log telling him that the Panará had no use for them. She then comforted him and said: "That was in the old days when we did not know white men. We did not know there are good white men and bad white men." ==Notes==