Riffle shuffle permutation

Since a (p,q)-shuffle is completely determined by how its first p elements are mapped, the number of (p,q)-shuffles is \binom{p+q}{p}. However, the number of distinct riffles is not quite the sum of this formula over all choices of p and q adding to n (which would be 2^n), because the identity permutation can be represented in multiple ways as a (p,q)-shuffle for different values of p and q. Instead, the number of distinct riffle shuffle permutations of a deck of n cards, for n=1,2,3,\dots, is More generally, the formula for this number is 2^n-n; for instance, there are 4503599627370444 riffle shuffle permutations of a 52-card deck. The number of bigrassmannian permutations is \binom{n+1}{3}+1. For n=1,2,3,\dots, this is and for n=52 there are exactly 23427 bigrassmannian shuffles. ==Random distribution==

The Gilbert–Shannon–Reeds model describes a random probability distribution on riffle shuffles that is a good match for observed human shuffles. In this model, the identity permutation has probability (n+1)/2^n of being generated, and all other riffle permutations have equal probability 1/2^n of being generated. Based on their analysis of this model, mathematicians have recommended that a deck of 52 cards be given seven riffles in order to thoroughly randomize it. ==Permutation patterns==

A pattern in a permutation is a smaller permutation formed from a subsequence of some k values in the permutation by reducing these values to the range from 1 to k while preserving their order. Several important families of permutations can be characterized by a finite set of forbidden patterns, and this is true also of the riffle shuffle permutations: they are exactly the permutations that do not have 321, 2143, and 2413 as patterns. ==Perfect shuffles==

A perfect shuffle is a riffle in which the deck is split into two equal-sized packets, and in which the interleaving between these two packets strictly alternates between the two. There are two types of perfect shuffle, an in shuffle and an out shuffle, both of which can be performed consistently by some well-trained people. When a deck is repeatedly shuffled using these permutations, it remains much less random than with typical riffle shuffles, and it will return to its initial state after only a small number of perfect shuffles. In particular, a deck of 52 playing cards will be returned to its original ordering after 52 in shuffles or 8 out shuffles. This fact forms the basis of several magic tricks. ==Algebra==

Riffle shuffles may be used to define the shuffle algebra. This is a Hopf algebra where the basis is a set of words, and the product is the shuffle product denoted by the sha symbol ш, the sum of all riffle shuffles of two words. In exterior algebra, the wedge product of a p-form and a q-form can be defined as a sum over (p,q)-shuffles. ==See also==