Rinchan

Little is known about the antecedents of Rinchan. While BIS claims him to have arrived from "Tibet", Jonaraja says that he was a Ladakhi nobleman of Buddhist faith whose father and other relatives were treacherously murdered at the hands of Kalamanya (probably Balti) clan. Rinchan took his revenge by feigning to make peace with the Kalamanyas, lured them unarmed to drink the chalice at a river-bank and had them murdered with a hidden axe. Despite this success, there were ample adversaries left in Ladakh, and he chose to ply his trade in North Kashmir. == Ascension ==

Rinchan was allowed to reside at Gaganagiri by Ramchandra, Governor of Lahara Baharistan-i-shahi (BIS), a 17th century chronicle of Kashmir written by an anonymous author, notes him to be a Turko-Mongol raider; the name is given as "Zulchu" or "Zulju". Jonaraja notes that Suhadeva, then ruler of Kashmir, received him with all honors; he sought to pay his way out of a conflict and levied new taxes on all subjects. This did not go down well with the Brahmins who threatened to fast until death, bringing Suhadeva's plans to an end and spurring the inevitable. According to Jonaraja, there was none left to oppose Rinchan's rise to power, Suhadeva fled Kashmir; however, BIS notes of a battle where Suhadeva was defeated. == Rule and conversion ==

Both Jonaraja and BIS commend Rinchan to be a kind and just ruler. The rule of law was sacrosanct for everybody irrespective of closeness to the King and his sagacious ways led subjects to believe that the Golden Age of Kashmir had been restored. Shah Mir was appointed as the Prime Minister. Jonaraja notes that soon after his ascension, Rinchan had sought initiation into Saivism, the predominant religious denomination of Kashmir, but the Devasmamin (the priest) felt him to be unworthy. He does not discuss the religious aspects of Rinchan any further but given the Islamic names of his son, it is obvious that he had converted to Islam sometime later. According to BIS, Rinchan was terribly confused about his religious conversion, with both Hindus and Muslims beseeching him to join their faith to the extent of engaging in theological debates. Eventually, one morning he saw Bulbul Shah—an Uyghur Sufi missionary of the Ni'matullah Order—and was taken in by his devotion as well as preaching; thus, he became the first ruler of the Kashmir Valley to embrace Islam. In the meanwhile, Udayandeva—a member of the erstwhile nobility, who had fled to Gandhara on the heels of a failed negotiation with Qadr—scoped for opportunities to usurp the throne. He is said to have instigated Takka, whose brother Timi was earlier executed by Rinchan for having drunk stolen milk, into a rebellion; Udayandeva particularly emphasized how Rinchan cared about nothing but fame and how Takka was kept in the sidelines of Rinchan's administration unlike Vyala. Subsequently, Rinchan was sworded in the royal palace and the conspirators, taking him for dead, planned to seize the city. In reality, Rinchan was seriously injured but not dead; he stood up once they were at a distance. Despite spotting this, no one bothered to have him overpowered but fought among themselves about who was to blame for not pulling off the assassination. Eventually, Rinchan staked the assassins and massacred their families to the extent of disemboweling pregnant women. The rebellion was suppressed ruthlessly but the injuries inflicted a chronic headache. Art and Architecture Rinchan built a khanqah in Shah's honor near his palace and even commissioned a jagir. He also constructed the Baed Masheed (lit. Big Mosque). Jonaraja also constructed the fortification of Rinchanpora. == Death ==

The winters of 1323 worsened Rinchan's headache; he never recovered and died on 25 November. His remains remain interred near Bud Masheed — the tomb was discovered by archaeologist A. H. Francke in 1909 and reconstructed by Kashmiri Government in 1990. He had a son, Haidar Khan, by his queen Kota, whom he entrusted to the care of Shah Mir. Mir would later imprison Haider along with Kota Rani, establishing the Shah Mir dynasty. == Notes ==