Roads in Puerto Rico

By the 16th century there was a rough road called connecting San Germán (which was located near the mouth of the Añasco River) to other areas of Puerto Rico, including San Sebastián, Arecibo, Toa Alta, and Caparra. The first major routes in Puerto Rico were constructed under the Government of Spain before Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States. The of 22 of January in 1886, called the (English: Law of the highways of the island of Puerto Rico), was approved and described the highways of the island of Puerto Rico. The first highways of Puerto Rico were paved with macadam, a layer of crushed rock and cement. The highways were maintained by the , which translates to "walking workers". These workers lived, with their families, in casillas, buildings located along the highway. They were tasked with identifying when road repairs were needed. Following the system used in Spain, the buildings were spaced about apart and, each day the walked along their assigned highway stretch, the to the left and the three kilometers to the right of their home to visually inspect the road. Normally there were two families living in the , a worker, his apprentice, and their families. The Department of Public Works or was part of the Department of the Interior. Contests were held for which roads had been best maintained, so that workers could be recognized and rewarded. This system was very effective in maintaining the condition of roads, so that after the Treaty of Paris in 1898 when the United States assessed the roads of Puerto Rico, they found a road that was, by their own admission, the best in the Americas. They called Puerto Rico's Carretera Central "the finest road in the Western Hemisphere." The U.S. also noted that, "As for roads, there are of all kinds. The State has built of roads, well made and in good shape. Of these, is the one from San Juan to Ponce with a branch from Cayey to Guayama. Most other roads in Puerto Rico are impassable except on horseback." At the end of the 19th century, the roads mentioned were impassable by horse and carriage. In 1905, the United States, suspended the system, and once the were no longer doing a daily visual inspection, the highways quickly deteriorated. When the system was reestablished nine years later, the roads were again visually inspected daily until 1950, when the system was ended for good. In 1940, the United States was focused on improving the ability to handle the transportation of heavy equipment over roads and bridges to and from the military bases, with a focus on national defense. ==Roadway maintenance==

heading away from Santurce in San Juan Puerto Rico Highway System roads, regardless of their network classification, are maintained by the centralized, commonwealth-level, Puerto Rico Department of Transportation and Public Works, known in Spanish as the or DTOP. Municipal governments are not responsible for maintenance of the Puerto Rico Highway System roads within their territory; whether or not the municipal government is an autonomous government, DTOP is the responsible agency. The DTOP maintains a network of regional offices throughout the island which carry out DTOP work within their multi-municipality region. On occasion, there have been disagreements over who is responsible for the maintenance of a specific road, like in the case after Hurricane Maria, when so many roads had been heavily damaged. Municipal governments are only responsible for maintenance of city and town streets within their jurisdictions. Sometimes the central government enters into a memorandum of agreement with municipal governments for the collaborative maintenance of a Puerto Rico Highway System roadway within their municipality. ==National Highway System==

The National Highway System of Puerto Rico (not to be confused with the National Highway System of the United States) consists of of highway and roadways of four types: primary, urban primary, secondary, and tertiary. All Puerto Rico expressways are signed either primary or urban primary. Puerto Rico's controlled-access highway may be an expressway, an arterial highway with full or partial control of access. Expressways with full control of access are called freeways. If the freeway charges a toll for its use, it is called an . In 2009, primary routes were about 14% of the total Puerto Rico Highway system mileage, secondary were about 30%, and tertiary about 56%. As a road or highway goes from being part of one network to another, it maintains its same number but is then marked with its new network shield type. An example of this is when PR-1, connecting Ponce and San Juan, is signed as urban primary inside the Ponce city limits, then is signed as secondary in Ponce's rural barrio Capitanejo, and then is signed as an urban primary road, on its entry into the town of Santa Isabel. This means that regardless of the amount of digits a road number may have, any road could be signed as primary network, urban primary network, secondary network or tertiary network all dependent on the area it goes through. Primary network highways Primary roads are numbered in the 1 to 99 range and are distributed randomly throughout the island. The primary highway marker has a white background and a blue shield with white lettering. A primary road's purpose is to facilitate movement of passengers and freight between major regions of the island. PR primary 1.svg|Highway shield for primary section of PR-1 PR-54 West and East junction with PR-744.jpg|PR-54 West and East junction with PR-744 in Guayama Urban primary network highways The purpose of urban primary highways are to complement the primary network inside the eight metro areas: San Juan, Ponce, Mayagüez, Arecibo, Aguadilla, Humacao, Caguas and Guayama. Some highways may be designated as R for Ramal, branch in Spanish, such as PR-2 which has several R designations along its length usually as a branch or loop that goes through the center of a town while the highway continues around and on to the next municipality. This is due to the fact that the original PR-2 went through every town center but these sections were bypassed and designated R to alleviate congestion. The urban primary marker has black lettering on a white shield over a black background. Secondary roads are numbered in the 100 to 299 range and generally follow a grid pattern. They begin from the southwest portion of the island with PR-100 and increase in number in northeasterly fashion. PR-100 is located in the southwestern town of Cabo Rojo, while PR-198 is in Juncos, Las Piedras and Humacao in the eastern part of Puerto Rico. As of February 2014, the highest secondary highway number assigned was 252 (PR-252), located in the northeastern municipality-island of Culebra. PR-199 lies in Guaynabo and San Juan, not adhering to the pattern. PR secondary 1.svg|Highway shield for secondary section of PR-1 For your safety, driving in Puerto Rico sign.jpg|"For your safety" tips for driving in Puerto Rico sign Puerto Rico Highway 145 in Torrecillas, Morovis, Puerto Rico.jpg|PR-145 in Torrecillas, Morovis Tertiary network highways Tertiary highways or roads provide access to a municipality's main urban area from peripheral communities. The tertiary highway marker has a white circle (white black lettering) on a black background. Roadways that have both their terminus within the same municipality are called tertiary roads and are, by convention, numbered PR-300 through PR-9999. The road marker in the shape of the island of Puerto Rico can also still be seen on some roadways. Three-digit tertiary roads Tertiary highways also known as local highways, follow a general numbering pattern. The northern area in the region west of San Juan contains even-numbered roads, while the southern area contains odd-numbered ones. This changes in the region to the east of San Juan as both northern and southern areas are covered by roads of the 900-999 grid. The diagram illustrates the organization of these roads and may help better understand the distribution. Some roads may start or end among differently numbered areas like in Ciales, a mountainous municipality, it has highways in both the 600-699 grid and the 500-599 grid. Another example is in the southeastern municipality of Maunabo where the 700-799 grid overlaps the 900-999 grid. Vieques, an offshore island-municipality, has some highways in the 900-999 grid but also has roads in the 200-299 category that is shared with Culebra, another offshore island-municipality which has PR-250 and PR-251 as its main routes. Ellipse sign 1.svg|Highway shield for tertiary section of PR-1 PR-438 Cuesta de Magos seen from Calabazas, San Sebastián, Puerto Rico.jpg|PR-438, a steep roadway, seen from Calabazas barrio, San Sebastián Barrio Espino, Lares, Puerto Rico, PR-435 junction with PR-124.jpg|PR-435 and PR-124 highway junction in Espino, Lares Four-digit tertiary roads Some roads are numbered with four digits, for example, PR-5506. These are branches, or spurs, of tertiary roads by the same last three digit number. Thus, PR-5506 is a branch of PR-506. They are often dead end branches, and are common in the mountain regions of the main island. Sometimes they are loops branching off the main road, eventually connecting back to the same main tertiary road. The “fourth” digit is generally a repeat of the first digit of the main tertiary road in question. Thus, a branch of PR-301 would be signed PR-3301, with the added 3 prefixing the number of the main tertiary road associated with the spur, 301, because 3 is the first digit of the main road. When the road has more than one distinct spur, an additional unrelated digit is used (example, PR-4301). PR-6622 and PR-617 signs in Morovis, Puerto Rico.jpg|PR-6622 and PR-617 signs in Morovis Puerto Rico highway 6685 in Manatí, Puerto Rico.jpg|Puerto Rico Highway 6685 in Manatí PR-9974 in Mariana, Naguabo, Puerto Rico.jpg|Kilometer 1.0 on a road in Naguabo ==Interstate Highway System==

municipality with urbanized areas shaded in peach From 2016 to 2020, the authorized federal highway funding for the Puerto Rico Highway Program was $158 million per year. Puerto Rico is an island so while there are no interstate highways in that highways have no direct land connections to any other states or territories, three roadways, PRI-1, PRI-2 and PRI-3, have an Interstate Highway designation for administrative and funding purposes. Unlike Interstate routes in Hawaii, Puerto Rico Interstate routes are unsigned. They are designated as such because they receive up to 90% of their funding from the Interstate Highway System. Residents of Puerto Rico pay federal fuel and tire taxes. As of 2007, none of the highways in Puerto Rico funded by the Interstate Highway program were built up to Interstate Highway standards. As of March 2001, Puerto Rico had of such roadways. PRI-1 is long, PRI-2 is long, and PRI-3 is long. They run along various combinations of Puerto Rico highways and do not follow the even-and-odd-number rule used in the mainland United States. Puerto Rico is exempt from following certain specifications for its Interstate Highway System. ==U.S. Forest Highway==

The El Yunque National Forest uses the Forest Highway road marker, a brown-colored, upside-down trapezoid with the words , (English: National Forest). This is a marker used along forest highways in the United States. Puerto Rico Highway 191 - Signs.jpg|Markers at the El Yunque National Rain Forest ==Municipal roadways==

In Puerto Rico, the municipal road is not a fifth network of the National Highway System of Puerto Rico. A municipal road or highway () refers to any public roadway that is not marked with a Puerto Rico National Highway network system road marker. Unlike state roads, which are signed with numbers, municipal roads are signed with names, such as . Tertiary roads are not municipal roads even though the term municipal road has been used to refer to a tertiary state road. The confusion comes from the context in which the term is used. When the term municipal road occurs in the context of roads owned and maintained by the state government, municipal roads means tertiary state network roads. In this context, a municipal road and a state tertiary road both refer to the same network of state roads. However, if the term occurs in the context of roadways owned and maintained by a municipal government, it refers to the network of local streets and roadways that make up the urban landscape of a municipality. The purpose of a road can also indicate if a road is a "municipal road" or not. In its strictest sense, municipal roads are roads within a municipality's urban center providing access from one urban neighborhood to another urban neighborhood, within the same city, town or municipality. In the larger context of the state highway system, municipal roads refer to roads that “provide access to the main urban area of a municipality from peripheral communities” (that is, tertiary roads). Municipal roads are maintained by the municipality where the road occurs, while tertiary roads are maintained by the state government. As written under the section road maintenance, at times the state government has entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with municipal governments for the upkeep of a state tertiary roadway (note this is a state-owned road that runs entirely within a single municipality), but this does not make it a municipal road—the road continues to maintain its state signage and ownership. ==See also==