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Robert Anderson (mayor) (fl. 1810s–1820s), mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia •
Robert Stirling Hore Anderson (1821–1883), Irish-born Australian colonial politician •
Robert M. Anderson (politician) (1824–1878), lieutenant governor of California •
Robert H. Anderson (politician) (c. 1831–1879), American politician in New York •
Sir Robert Anderson, 1st Baronet (1837–1921), Irish businessman and Lord Mayor of Belfast •
Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard official) (1841–1918), lawyer, British intelligence officer and London CID chief, in charge during the Jack the Ripper murders •
Robert Alexander Anderson (politician) (1858–1916), Canadian politician in British Columbia •
Robert King Anderson (1861–1950), Canadian politician, physician and teacher •
Robert Newton Anderson (1871–1948), MP in the Northern Ireland Parliament for Londonderry •
Robert P. Anderson (1906–1978), United States judge in Connecticut •
Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician) (1910–1989), businessman, politician, and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury •
Robert B. Anderson (South Carolina politician), member of the South Carolina House of Representatives •
Robert Banneka Anderson Sr., member of the South Carolina General Assembly •
Robert Anderson (diplomat) (1922–1996), United States ambassador to Morocco •
Robert A. Anderson (1932–2006), American politician and businessman •
Robert Anderson (New Zealand politician) (1936–1996), New Zealand politician •
Robert T. Anderson (politician) (born 1945), American politician, lieutenant governor of Iowa •
Robert Anderson (Australian Aboriginal elder) (born 1929), Australian Aboriginal elder and union official ==Military==