Early years Courtneidge was born in
Glasgow, Scotland. He appeared as an amateur actor in
Edinburgh and later in
Manchester. and later with
Kate Santley playing Hamet Abensellah in
Vetah (1886). In 1885 he played Mr. Drinkwater in
H.J. Byron's
Open House, a performance praised by
The Manchester Guardian as "a well-studied sketch of a vain and irritable old widower." He made his London debut in 1887 at the
Adelphi Theatre, in
The Bells of Haslemere. Courtneidge's wife was Rosaline May
née Adams (stage name Rosie Nott). She was the daughter of the singer and actress
Cicely Nott and the sister of three other actresses including
Ada Blanche, a well-known pantomime star. His daughter
Cicely was born while he and his wife were in Sydney. On returning to England, Courtneidge toured with
Kate Vaughan and
May Fortescue, By 1896 he had taken part in 19 Christmas pantomimes. On leaving Manchester after seven years, Courtneidge was presented with a scroll inscribed by members of the theatrical profession headed by
Henry Irving and the local community headed by
C.P. Scott "to one who has done so much for the honour and dignity of the English stage". His career as a producer-director continued in the West End.
George Edwardes invited him to direct
Ivan Caryll's comic opera,
The Duchess of Dantzic, in 1903. He soon began collaborating on the books of musicals that he produced, although in some cases he contributed only the minimum needed to allow him to claim an interest in the copyright and royalties of the piece. Despite a lavish production, including a spectacular earthquake scene, it was only modestly successful. In the same year, Courtneidge presented an English version of
Leo Fall's
Der liebe Augustin, as
Princess Caprice, with a cast including
Courtice Pounds and Courtneidge's daughter Cicely. There was some feeling in theatrical circles that Cicely's elevation to star status was due more to her being Robert Courtneidge's daughter than to any special talent. all failed, and the patriotic operetta
Young England was only a modest success. Nevertheless, the play was a popular success, and ran for 867 performances. Following this, Courtneidge took a touring company to Australia, presenting a repertory of comedies including
The Man from Toronto,
Somerset Maugham's
Home and Beauty, and a work by an Australian author,
Saving Grace. Among the company members was Courtneidge's younger daughter Rosaline. He returned to England by way of the US, where he presented
Paddy the Next Best Thing in New York. In the 1920s Courtneidge returned to producing British provincial tours, including the old-fashioned
Gabrielle (1921; composed by
George Clutsam,
Archibald Joyce and others), which was successful for several years. He followed this with a mixture of productions ranging from Shakespeare to farce. During the 1920s, Courtneidge, a lifelong socialist, joined with other managers including
Arthur Bourchier in campaigning for fair pay for chorus members and players of small parts. Many other managements lagged behind in this, for instance not paying salaries during rehearsals. Courtneidge said in 1924, "There is a large section of theatrical managers who will not deal justly. The actor is again forced to the wall, and compelled to fight for his rights." He had earlier resigned from the Actors' Association, of which he had been a founder member, disagreeing with its
closed shop policy, but his indignation at a proposed new standard contract for actors led him to rejoin. In 1925, Courtneidge returned briefly to acting. After a tryout at his old Manchester theatre, the Prince's, he brought the old farce ''On 'Change
to the Savoy, winning good notices for his performance in the leading role of a vain and touchy Scottish professor, which he had first played in the 1880s. Although Cicely had made her career away from his management since World War I, Courtneidge regularly featured his younger daughter Rosaline in his casts, in such plays as The Sport of Kings
(1924) and The Unfair Sex'' (1925), until her early death in 1926 at the age of 23. Courtneidge returned to presenting West End musical shows in 1927, directing
Lehár's
The Blue Mazurka (1927) with English lyrics by Harry Graham at
Daly's Theatre. His last London musical was
The Damask Rose (1930), an attempt to emulate with
Chopin's music the success of
Lilac Time, a piece written around
Schubert's music. The adaptation was by Clutsam (who had adapted
Lilac Time), with Courtneidge as co-author of the book. A strong cast included
Walter Passmore, and the piece won friendly notices. His final production was at the Prince's and on tour, a musical,
Lavender (1930), with music by Clutsam. In the same year, Courtneidge published his memoirs
I was an actor once, and in 1933 he wrote a novel,
Judith Clifford. Courtneidge retired to
Brighton, where he died in 1939 at the age of 79. ==Notes==