Robert T. Paine (zoologist)

Paine was born on April 13, 1933, After graduating from Harvard University in 1954, he served in the U.S. Army, where he was the battalion gardener. Paine later entered graduate school at the University of Michigan, intending to study paleontology. In 1962, Paine joined the University of Washington, where he spent the rest of his career and became well known for his work. ==Research career==

Paine's doctoral research thesis was on the ecology of living brachipods. As a postdoctoral fellow, he worked on the history and energetics of opisthobranchs (marine gastropods). Much of Paine's work at the University of Washington focused on the organization of marine communities. It was here that much of his research on keystone species occurred. In a noteworthy 1966 paper, Paine described a rocky intertidal ecosystem in Makah Bay in Washington state, where top predator species help maintain biodiversity. This led to his 1969 paper in which he proposed the keystone species concept. This concept states that an ecosystem may experience a dramatic shift if a keystone species is removed, even though that species was a small part of the ecosystem by measures of biomass or productivity. It has become a very popular concept in conservation biology. Paine also coined the term "trophic cascade" to describe the top-down effects that occur in ecosystems when an important species is introduced or removed. ==Retirement and death==

Paine retired in the late 1990s but continued to be active as a professor emeritus at the University of Washington. In 2000, he founded the Experimental and Field Ecology Fund to support graduate student research; ==Legacy==

Paine's research—and the subsequent work of his students—has been very influential in the field of ecology, Paine's research helped popularise field manipulation experiments, sometimes called "kick-it-and-see ecology", at a time when field ecologists tended only to observe natural ecosystems. ==Recognition==

• Vice-President, Ecological Society of America, 1977–1978 • Elected to The National Academy of Sciences, 1986 • International Cosmos Prize, 2013 ==References==