Rocket Lab

Origin (2006–2012) Rocket Lab was founded in June 2006 During the trip, Beck realized the possibility and potential for a low-cost, small rocket. While contacting potential investors, he met Mark Rocket, who later became a seed investor and was co-director from 2007 to 2011. Other investors to the company included Stephen Tindall, Vinod Khosla, and the New Zealand Government. The company became the first private company in the Southern Hemisphere to reach space after launching its Ātea-1 sounding rocket in November 2009. The payload was not recovered, and the launch was deemed unsuccessful. The payload was a ballistic instrumentation dart and its trajectory depended only on the boost phase. The launch took place off the coast of New Zealand, from the private island (Great Mercury Island) of Michael Fay, a New Zealand banker and Rocket Lab investor. The agreement with NASA enabled the company to contract for limited NASA resources, including personnel, facilities, and equipment, for commercial launch efforts. United States move (2013–2020) posing in front of Rocket Lab's sounding rockets, 2016 Around 2013, the company moved to the United States and established its headquarters in Huntington Beach, California. The move coincided with funding from American sources, and was in part due to increased U.S. government involvement. In 2020, Rocket Lab moved to Long Beach. The move was motivated by the need to accommodate the company's growing workforce and to be closer to suppliers and customers. The new facility includes a state-of-the-art production facility for manufacturing the company's Electron launch vehicle, as well as administrative offices and other support facilities. In 2013, funding was obtained from Khosla Ventures, and Callaghan Innovation (a Crown entity of New Zealand). and Lockheed Martin invested in 2015. Rocket Lab announced in March 2017 that it had raised an additional US$75 million in a Series D equity round led by Data Collective with participation by Promus Ventures and earlier investors. In May 2017, Callaghan Innovation funding was reported to total NZ$15 million. The first NASA mission, launched in 2018, was valued by the space agency at $6.9 million (with launch services, etc., included). In 2018, Rocket Lab began to develop reusable first stage technology, after previously stating publicly that they had no intention of attempting to recover and reuse their launch vehicles. They disclosed the effort to study the potential recovery of an Electron first stage in August 2019, aiming to use a parachute and mid-air retrieval. In December 2019, they flight tested the reentry technology, a Rocket Lab proprietary aerothermal decelerator, on Electron flight number 10, and were able to decelerate the rocket and successfully bring it through the space to lower atmosphere transition. In March 2020, the company announced that it had acquired Sinclair Interplanetary, a Canadian manufacturer of components for small satellites. Rocket Lab said that it would use Sinclair technology on its Photon line of small satellite buses, and that it would help Sinclair increase production of small satellite components for sale to other firms. Thereafter, Rocket Lab launched missions with some or all of the payload being made by Sinclair Interplanetary. Public company (2021–present) Administrator Bill Nelson and Deputy Administrator Pamela Melroy at the Rocket Lab facility in Auckland, 2023 In March 2021, the company announced that it was planning to go public through an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in the second quarter of 2021. The company planned to accomplish the IPO through a merger with a special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) called Vector Acquisition Corporation (VACQ). The merger planned to value the company at US$4.1 billion and provide the company with $790 million in working capital to support the development of a medium-lift two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle called Neutron, aiming for the mega-constellation satellite deployment market. The company began trading on the Nasdaq stock exchange on 25 August 2021 after merging with SPAC Vector Acquisition at a $4.8 billion valuation. The transaction added $777 million in gross cash. At the time, Rocket Lab had over 500 employees, and it had successfully launched 105 satellites into orbit. Rocket Lab aimed to launch Neutron by 2025. As of August 2021, the company intended to build a new factory in the United States to manufacture the rockets as well as launch infrastructure for Neutron at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in Wallops Island, Virginia. In November 2021, the company acquired Planetary Systems Corporation (PSC), a manufacturer of satellite separation systems, for $81.4 million. In January 2022, the company acquired SolAero, a supplier of space solar power products. On 3 May 2022, in the "There And Back Again" mission, the company launched its Electron rocket from New Zealand and attempted to recover it for the first time. It was able to capture the falling rocket booster in mid-air, a historic first. Beck later said that the booster was hanging improperly, so it was allowed to parachute into the water where it was extracted by a ship. In August 2022, the company revealed plans to become the first private company to reach Venus. The company is building a small probe, called the Venus Life Finder (VLF), which is designed to plunge through Venus's upper atmosphere for roughly five minutes between and above the planet's surface, searching for organic compounds. In October 2023, Rocket Lab officially opened its engine development facility in Long Beach to support the development of the Archimedes engine. The facility, including production assets such as machinery and equipment, had been acquired in May 2023 out of Virgin Orbit's bankruptcy proceedings. In January 2024, Rocket Lab became the prime contractor for a $515M United States Space Force (USSF) military satellite project, the company's largest contract to date. In April 2024, the company announced it would begin selling carbon composite products to customers. As of 2024, the company was developing the bigger Neutron reusable unibody rocket; multiple spacecraft buses, and rocket engines: Rutherford, Curie, HyperCurie, and Archimedes. In mid 2024, the company entered the engine test phase in Neutron's development process. In November 2024, news reports said the company threatened an academic in New Zealand with a defamation lawsuit for comments that Rocket Lab was involved with US military control over nuclear weapons. In May 2025, Rocket Lab entered into an agreement to acquire Geost. This has increased their total headcount by 115, bringing Rocket Lab's total headcount to more than 2,600 employees. In March 2026, Rocket Lab secured a US$190 million (NZ$327 million) contract with the United States Department of Defense (Department of War) to conduct a series of hypersonic test flights using its HASTE launch vehicle. In April 2026, Rocket Lab completed the acquisition of Mynaric AG, a supplier of laser optical communications terminals, for an aggregate consideration value of $155.3 million. As Mynaric will continue to be based in Germany post-acquisition, this deal provided Rocket Lab with the company's first European footprint. In April 2026, Rocket Lab announced the introduction of Gauss, an in-house designed and manufactured electric propulsion system for satellites. At the time of the announcement, Rocket Lab revealed it had already established a production line capable of manufacturing more than 200 Gauss thrusters per year. == Hardware ==

Electron orbital rocket Electron is a two-stage launch vehicle that uses Rocket Lab's Rutherford liquid engines on both stages. The vehicle is capable of delivering payloads of 150 kg to a 500 km Sun-synchronous orbit. The projected cost is less than US$5 million per launch. The Rutherford engine uses pumps driven by battery-powered electric motors rather than a gas generator, expander, or preburner. The engine is fabricated largely by 3D printing, using electron beam melting, whereby layers of metal powder are melted in a high vacuum by an electron beam. By March 2016, the second-stage Rutherford engine had completed firing tests. The first test flight took place on 25 May 2017 from Māhia Peninsula on New Zealand's North Island. After reaching an altitude of approximately , the rocket was performing nominally, but telemetry was lost, and flight control destroyed it. On 21 January 2018, their second rocket, on a flight named "Still Testing", launched, reached orbit and deployed three CubeSats for customers Planet Labs and Spire Global. The rocket also carried a satellite payload called Humanity Star, a carbon fiber geodesic sphere made of 65 panels that reflect the Sun's light. Humanity Star re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burned up in March 2018. On 11 November 2018, the first commercial launch (third launch overall) took off from Māhia Peninsula carrying satellites for Spire Global, GeoOptics, a CubeSat built by high school students, and a prototype of a dragsail. On 4 July 2020, an issue during the second-stage burn of flight 13, named "Pics or It Didn't Happen", caused Electron to fail to get into orbit and its payloads were lost. On 19 November 2020, a launch mission named "Return to Sender" successfully deployed its payload of 30 small satellites. First stage recovery was also successfully implemented. On 15 May 2021, the company launched "Running Out Of Toes," which successfully utilized the first-stage recovery method like the one used on "Return to Sender." However, the rocket failed to place its payload of two BlackSky satellites into orbit after an issue occurred with the second stage. On 15 September 2022, Rocket Lab launched "The Owl Spreads Its Wings" mission, sending a synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) satellite into Earth orbit. On September 19, 2023, the Electron failed its mission to deliver a Capella Space synthetic-aperture radar imaging satellite when the rocket's second stage failed shortly after separation. Electron successfully returned to flight on December 14 with the launch of a Japanese radar imaging satellite, which marked a record 10th flight for the rocket in 2023. Two attempts have been made to recover an Electron booster by helicopter. In addition, six attempts have been made at soft water recovery. HASTE suborbital rocket Hypersonic Accelerator Suborbital Test Electron (HASTE) is a suborbital testbed launch vehicle derived from the Electron orbital rocket. HASTE provides flight test opportunities for hypersonic and suborbital system technology development. HASTE has a payload capacity of , double that of Electron. It can deploy payloads from altitude and higher. , Rocket Lab had secured contracts for at least twenty HASTE missions to be launched up to 2030. Neutron reusable rocket The company announced in March 2021 that it was developing a new medium-lift two-stage human-rated launch vehicle called Neutron. Neutron is expected to be tall with a fairing. It will have capacities. Rocket Lab said they aim to make the first stage of the vehicle reusable, with landings planned on a floating landing platform downrange in the ocean. During a question and answer session with space and rocket communicator Scott Manley, Beck indicated a preference to avoid fixed assets such as landing barges. This indicated that design work had proceeded on the basis that the Neutron would return for landing rather than landing downrange. Neutron launches are intended to take place from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) on the eastern coast of Virginia. Rocket Lab began to break ground for this facility on 11 April 2022. As of March 2021, the company is planning for the first launch no earlier than mid-2025. The rocket, weighing approximately , was designed to carry a payload to an altitude of around . It was intended to carry scientific payloads or possibly personal items. Ātea-1, named Manu Karere or Bird Messenger by the local Māori iwi, was successfully launched from Great Mercury Island near the Coromandel Peninsula on 30 November 2009 at 01:23 UTC (14:23 local time). The rocket was tracked by a GPS uplink to the Inmarsat-B satellite constellation. After the flight, Ātea-1 splashed down approximately downrange. The payload had no telemetry downlink, but carried instrumentation. The company advised that should it be encountered by vessels at sea, the payload should not be handled as it was "potentially hazardous" and contained delicate instruments. Performance characteristics were determined by the boost stage using downlink telemetry, and was recovered. This allowed Rocket Lab to move the entire team to the Electron rocket. Photon satellite bus == Notable missions ==

In February 2020, Rocket Lab was selected by NASA to launch the CAPSTONE (Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment) on Electron and deploy it to lunar orbit from a Photon spacecraft bus. CAPSTONE is a microwave oven–sized CubeSat weighing 55 pounds and is the first spacecraft to test a unique, elliptical lunar orbit. As a pathfinder for the Lunar Gateway, a Moon-orbiting outpost that is part of NASA's Artemis program, CAPSTONE will help reduce risk for future spacecraft by validating innovative navigation technologies and verifying the dynamics of this halo-shaped orbit. Originally scheduled to launch from Virginia, the launch location was adjusted to Launch Complex 1 in New Zealand in August 2021 due to delays in certifying the NASA autonomous flight termination system planned to fly on Electron missions from Launch Complex 2. The CAPSTONE mission was successfully launched on Electron in June 2022 and on July 4th Photon's HyperCurie engine completed the final Translunar Injection Burn, successfully releasing the CAPSTONE spacecraft on a trajectory to lunar orbit. CAPSTONE completed its primary six-month mission and as of July 2023 was continuing an enhanced mission to deliver ongoing data in support of Artemis. Viscous liquid monopropellant In 2012, the company demonstrated a rocket propelled by a viscous liquid monopropellant (VLM) developed via DARPA and Office of Naval Research (NRL) work. The VLM was reported to be thixotropic, so that it behaves as a pseudo-solid until a shear force is applied, after which it flows like a liquid. The VLM density was reported to be comparable to solid-rocket propellant. The company earned a US patent on the system. Instant Eyes In 2011, Rocket Lab had a program called "Instant Eyes". The Instant Eyes unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was designed for military applications requiring a bird's-eye view, much like drones. Upon launch, the rocket with its 5 megapixel camera would reach an altitude of within 20 seconds. Mars sample return In October 2024, Rocket Lab was awarded a NASA contract to explore new concepts for a sample return from the surface of Mars. == Facilities ==

Manufacturing s being prepared at a processing facility near Launch Complex 1 in Māhia, New Zealand In October 2018, the company revealed its new manufacturing facility in Auckland, New Zealand. It is intended for the production of propellant tanks and stage builds, and is in charge of the overall integration of launch vehicles at Launch Complex 1. The company's headquarters in Long Beach, California, produces their Rutherford engines and avionics. where rocket components are manufactured and assembled before traveling to the New Zealand launch site. The manufacturing process begins with the production of the Electron rocket's first stage, which is built using carbon composite. The material is designed to be strong and lightweight. The second stage is powered by a single Rutherford engine. In late 2019, Rocket Lab brought a new robotic manufacturing capability online to produce Electron's composite parts in 12 hours. The robot was named "Rosie the Robot", after The Jetsons character. The process can make all the carbon fiber structures as well as handle cutting, drilling, and sanding, such that the parts are ready for final assembly. Rutherford engine production uses additive manufacturing. In October 2023, Rocket Lab announced it had acquired carbon composite manufacturing facilities, equipment and more than 50 team members from SailGP Technologies in Warkworth, New Zealand. SailGP was already a supplier to Rocket Lab, so when SailGP announced plans to move operations to the UK, Rocket Lab took over the facilities and employees to support a growing production rate for the Electron rocket and the rapid development of Neutron. In October 2023, Rocket Lab officially opened its Engine Development Center in Long Beach in the former Virgin Orbit factory, where the company now builds Rutherford and Archimedes engines. In November 2023, Rocket Lab announced plans to establish a Space Structures Complex in Middle River, Maryland, deliver a comprehensive suite of advanced composite products for the space industry and to further vertically integrate supply for the company's internal needs across launch and space systems. The site will also play a role in the development and long-term supply of carbon composite structures for Neutron. Through the acquisition of SolAero, Rocket Lab also has facilities in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Through the acquisition of ASI, the company has facilities in Littleton, Colorado. Through the acquisition of Planetary Systems Corporation, the company has facilities in Maryland, and in Toronto, Canada through the acquisition of Sinclair Interplanetary. In September 2021, Rocket Lab announced it was expanding production of reaction wheels with a new production line in Auckland to support production of up to 2,000 reaction wheels per year for an undisclosed mega-constellation customer. Launch Complex 1 , New Zealand The company's Launch Complex 1 (LC-1) is a private orbital launch site located on the Māhia Peninsula in New Zealand. The site consists of two launch pads, a vehicle integration facility, and a range control center. It was designed to support the company's Electron launch vehicle, which is optimized for small satellite launches. The company originally planned to use Kaitorete Spit as its primary launch site and Mahia Peninsula as a secondary one. After encountering difficulty in obtaining resource consent for the Kaitorete Spit launch site, Rocket Lab announced in November 2015 that its primary launch site would be on the Māhia Peninsula, east of Wairoa on the North Island. The site is licensed to launch rockets every 72 hours for 30 years. Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1 (LC-1A) was officially opened on 26 September 2016 (UTC; 27 September NZDT). In December 2019, Rocket Lab began construction of a second pad on the Māhia Peninsula named Launch Complex 1B. On 28 February 2022, Launch Complex 1B hosted its first launch: "The Owl's Night Continues." LC-1 has been in operation since 2017 and has supported numerous launches for a variety of customers, including NASA, the U.S. Air Force, and commercial satellite operators. LC-1A was the first part of LC-1 and was introduced in 2017. The first launch supported from LC-1A was "It's a Test." LC-1B was added later in February 2022. "The Owl's Night Continues" was the first launch supported from LC-1B. Decision factors included infrastructure readiness, few launches from other companies, and the ability to supplement LC-1 orbital inclinations. The first Electron launch from LC-2 happened on 24 January 2023 during the "Virginia is for launch lovers" mission, named in celebration of the launch. The launch placed three satellites in orbit. Two more missions were later launched from LC-2. Launch Complex 3 In October 2023, construction of a new launch site between LP-0A and LP-0B was observed. The launch site (for Neutron) will be named Launch Pad 0D (LP-0D). Rocket Lab refers to LP-0D as Launch Complex 3 or LC-3 (located at ). Progress was seen in April 2024 with the installation of the water tower. Concrete work was reportedly completed in May 2024. On 28 August 2025, LC-3 was officially opened with an official opening ceremony hosted directly at LC-3, with attendees such as Rocket Lab team members, founding staff, and even official representatives, including the Governor of Virginia, Glenn Youngkin. == See also ==