Founded as a
diocese in the region of
Warmia on 29 July 1243, it was one of the four bishoprics of the
State of the Teutonic Order in
Prussia. The first bishop Heinrich von Strateich never actually took his office. His successor
Anselm of Meissen, officiating between 1250 and 1274, became the first bishop active in Warmia. In 1253, after
Albert Suerbeer finally achieved his long disputed
investiture with the newly elevated
Archbishopric of Riga, Warmia - like a number of other Baltic dioceses - became Riga's
suffragan. Warmia's first bishops were appointed by Polish and
Teutonic Knights' officials and were mostly
Germans, however, unlike the other Prussian bishoprics (
Culm (Chełmno),
Pomesania, and
Samland (Sambia)), Warmia's diocesan
chapter, established in 1260, maintained independence. Its members were not simultaneously members of the
Teutonic Order, as was the case in the other Prussian chapters since the 1280s. Thus the chapter could repel influencing by outside powers. In 1356 the
Golden Bull of Emperor
Charles IV designated the bishop as Prince-Bishop of Warmia, a rank not awarded to the other Prussian bishops with their dependent chapters. By the double function of
prince-bishops they officiated as spiritual leader in the diocese and as secular prince in the
Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, a semi-independent state comprising about a third of the actual diocesan territory, first as part of Teutonic Prussia. , former seat of the Prince-Bishops of Warmia In February 1440 the nobility of Warmia and the town of
Braniewo co-founded the
Prussian Confederation, which opposed Teutonic rule, and most towns of Warmia joined the organization in May 1440. In February 1454, the organization asked Polish King
Casimir IV Jagiellon to incorporate the region to the
Kingdom of Poland, to which the king agreed and signed the act of incorporation in
Kraków on 6 March 1454, and the
Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) broke out. During the war Warmia was partly recaptured by the Teutonic Knights, however, in 1464 Bishop Paweł Legendorf vel Mgowski sided with Poland and the Prince-Bishopric came again under the overlordship of the Polish King. In the
peace treaty of 1466 the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to the prince-bishopric, and recognized it as part of Poland. It administratively remained a prince-bishopric with several privileges, part of the larger provinces of
Royal Prussia and
Greater Poland Province. When King
Casimir IV attempted to reduce the prince-episcopal autonomy this caused the
War of the Priests. Prince-Bishop
Lucas Watzenrode, officiating between 1489 and 1512, aimed at
Warmia's exemption from Riga in order to establish a Warmian
metropolis, comprising the dioceses within Teutonic Prussia, part of Poland as a
fief since 1466, as suffragans. The plans failed, but Watzenrode reclaimed the exemption after ca. 1492. In the
Second Treaty of Piotrków Trybunalski (December 7, 1512) Warmia conceded to King
Alexander Jagiellon a limited right to propose four candidates to the chapter for the election, who however had to be residents of the province of
Royal Prussia. Under Watzenrode's successors changing suffraganship from Riga to
Gniezno did not materialise. The diocese
de jure remained a suffragan of Riga until its dissolution in 1566. Thereafter Warmia was an
exempt diocese. In 1569, Warmia was united more directly with the Kingdom of Poland within the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this period the chapter mostly elected bishops of Polish nationality. The faithful in the northern part of the diocese were by large majority
ethnic Germans, while in the south the large majority were ethnic
Poles. Following King
Sigismund III's Prussian regency contract (1605) with
Joachim Frederick of Brandenburg, and his Prussian enfeoffment contract (1611) with
John Sigismund of Brandenburg these two rulers guaranteed free practice of Catholic religion in all of prevailingly Lutheran
Ducal Prussia, a vassal duchy of Poland. In practice, however, the ducal government obstructed Catholic exercise in many ways. But based on these contracts the prince-bishops gradually extended their de facto competence beyond the territory of their proper prince-bishopric of secular rule. As a result, the see regained jurisdiction in the two thirds of its diocesan territory outside its secular prince-bishopric and beyond into the diocesan areas of the dissolved former neighbour dioceses such as Sambia and Pomesania, and Warmia became the diocese competent for all of Ducal Prussia. This development was recognised by the Holy See in 1617 by de jure extending Warmia's jurisdiction over Sambia's former diocesan territory. After the
First Partition of Poland in 1772, Warmia was annexed by the
Kingdom of Prussia, forming part of its newly formed province of
East Prussia in the following year. By the bull
De salute animum (July 16, 1820) the Catholic Church in Prussia was reorganised. However, the diocesan territory was not adapted to the new provincial borders established in 1815. Since most inhabitants of East Prussia had become Lutherans, the diocesan territories of the former bishoprics of Pomesania (partially) and Samland with its few remaining Catholics were part of the Diocese of Ermland (Warmia), thus territorially comprising all of the Prussian
province of East Prussia except the southwestern corner (main part of Pomesania diocese around
Marienwerder (Kwidzyn), which had become the
Deanery of Pomesania within Culm (Chełmno) diocese). In 1901, the total population in the area of the diocese was about 2,000,000, among them 327,567 Catholics. On 28 October 1925 the Holy See - by the Bull
Vixdum Poloniae unitas - seceded the Pomesania deanery from the
Diocese of Chełmno and assigned it to Ermland, while
Memelland was dissected from the diocese, so that it territorially comprised all the Prussian
province of East Prussia in its altered borders of 1922. In 1930 the diocesan exemption ended and Ermland, then led by Bishop
Maximilian Kaller, became part of the
Eastern German Ecclesiastical Province under the newly elevated
Archdiocese of Breslau (Wrocław). Following the defeat of Germany in
World War II, Warmia became again part of Poland, although with a
Soviet-installed
communist regime, which stayed in power until the
Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Bishop Kaller resigned from jurisdiction in the Polish-held diocesan area, retaining the title bishop, and was expelled by communist authorities in mid-August 1945.
Pope Pius XII then appointed him the "Bishop of the
Expellees". The diocese was then claimed by the Polish Catholic Church, supported by the communist state.
August Hlond had appointed Teodor Bensch as
Apostolic Administrator superseding the still existing
capitular canons, who otherwise could have elected a new bishop candidate. The
Holy See, however, regarded the post-war territorial changes not yet contractually confirmed. So the see with its traditional cathedral in
Frombork remained vacant after Kaller's death. In 1972 - in response to West Germany's change in
Ostpolitik with the
Treaty of Warsaw - the Holy See re-established a new Polish Diocese appointing
Józef Drzazga, who was then a suffragan to the
Archdiocese of Warsaw. Drzazga relocated the actual see to
Olsztyn. On 25 March 1992 Warmia was elevated to a
metropolitan archdiocese and given two new suffragans, the
Diocese of Ełk and the
Diocese of Elbląg. The Diocese of Ełk comprised territory taken from the dioceses of Warmia and
Łomża. The Diocese of Elbląg comprised territory taken from Warmia and the former dioceses of Chełmno (now
Diocese of Pelplin) and Gdańsk (now
Archdiocese of Gdańsk). Only in 1991 was it possible to celebrate Roman Catholic services in German again. At first, they were held in the Church of Mary the Virgin and Mother of God in Allenstein-Jomendorf. Today the see comprises an area of 12,000 km2 with 694,000 Catholics, 33
deans, 260 church districts, 422
diocesan priests, 124 priests in
religious orders, and 244
nuns. == Ordinaries ==