Roman client kingdoms in Britain

Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 BC. and 54 BC. His initial invasion was unsuccessful, and the Celtic tribes of Britain fought with more strength than expected. In 54 BC the invasion was considered a success but in Caesar's eyes the island yielded little reward and he left without leaving a garrison to watch over his latest conquest. Client kingdoms were initially established as auxiliary support for the Roman army under Claudius in the expanding empire, but were reimagined as the way for Rome to achieve the power status of a unified empire. ==Client kingdoms==

Client kingdoms of Southern Britain Trinovantes and Catuvellauni Client status: 54 BC -c.39 AD Location: lands in present-day south-East England In 54 BC, Julius Caesar set up Mandubracius of the Trinovantes as a client king and established the Catuvellauni as a tributary state of Rome.'''''' This led to his defeat in 50 AD and search of refuge with the Brigantes, and ultimately a betrayal by Cartimandua in 51 AD. Atrebates, later Regni or Regnenses Client status: 55 BC-70s AD Location: Roughly modern-day Hampshire and West Sussex (capitals now Silchester and Chichester) The Belgic Atrebates were led by a semi independent client king, Commius, in Gaul when Caesar left Britain after his first invasion. When Commius began to conspire against Rome, he was forced to flee to Britain in 54 BC. He named himself king of his people and ruled until approximately 20 BC.'''' Commius was succeeded by three of his sons. First, Tincomarus, from 25/20 BC to 7/8 AD. He was more sympathetic to Rome than his father had been, and based on numismatic evidence styled himself rex'', implying client kingship status under the Empire. He was expelled in 7/8 AD, seeking refuge with the Romans. Client kingdoms of Northern Britain Brigantes Client status: c. 46 AD- Location: Pennines of South Yorkshire to north of the Tyne. The Brigantes were given client status but were not considered a conquered Celtic tribe, despite accepting the Romans as the governing power. Votadini Client status: c.140s-c.410 AD Location: Present-day southeast Scotland and present-day northeast England, including modern-day Northumberland The Votadini were a Brythonic people who lived under the direct rule of Rome between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall from 138 to 162 AD. When the Romans withdrew behind Hadrian's Wall in 164 AD, they left the Votadini as a client kingdom, a buffer zone against the Picts in the north. They maintained client status until the Romans pulled out of Britain in 410 AD. Through a series of linguistic changes, the Votadini became known as the Gododdin, and maintained a kingdom until their defeat by the Angles c.600 AD. == Bibliography ==