Ronzotherium

Ronzotherium was a small to mid-sized rhinocerotid. Smaller species weighed in the region of 1t, while larger species could reach 1.9t in weight. The genus was similar in weight to the extant black rhinoceros although with an overall more slender and gracile build, with a long humerus and femur in comparison to other rhinocerotids. The genus shows a trend for increased size, with later species being considerably larger than some of its first representatives. Ronzotherium did not possess a nasal horn. Instead the nasal bones were retracted, suggesting the presence of a large prehensile upper lip like those seen in modern rhinoceros species. The lower incisors of Ronzotherium were long and tusk- like, with a large diastema in the lower jaw between the incisors and other teeth. The upper incisors were much smaller. The forelimbs were tetradactyl with a prominent central metapodal. The hindlimbs however were tridactyl, with three toes. == Classification ==

Ronzotherium is one of the basal members of the family Rhinocerotidae. Cladogram after Lu, Deng and Pandolfi, 2023:}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|label1=Rhinocerotidae}}5 species have been identified within the genus: • Ronzotherium velaunum (Aymard, 1853) • Ronzotherium filholi (Osborn, 1900) • Ronzotherium romani (Kretzoi, 1945) • Ronzotherium orientale (Dashzeveg, 1991) • Ronzotherium brevirostre (Beliajeva, 1954) The 3 European species are believed to have dispersed into Europe during the lower Rupelian as part of the Grande Coupure, and were seemingly widespread in the post-grande coupure fauna of Europe, with fossils discovered in Rupelian deposits from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic. Ronzotherium brevirostre and Ronzotherium orientale are known exclusively from the Late Eocene of Mongolia. Further material has been found in the Linxia basin in China's gansu province. == Palaeobiology ==

Isotope analysis of teeth discovered at Rickenbach in Switzerland has shown that european Ronzotherium species were adapted to the increasingly drier climate and open landscapes of the post-grande coupure Oligocene. The low crowned dentition suggests that Ronzotherium was a browser, feeding on the leaves of shrubs, bushes, and small trees. This is supported by the presence of the a prehensile upper lip which is used by modern rhinocerotids to browse on foliage. The gracile build and long limb bones found in Ronzotherium suggest that it could have been capable of sustained running. == Ichnology ==

Fossil rhinocerotid trackways assigned to the ichnotaxon Rhinoceripeda voconsense (Vialov 1966) have been discovered at two sites in the Luberon Natural Regional Park in southeast France. The trackways are preserved in the Calcaires de La Fayette, a calcareous lacustrian deposit dating to the lower Rupelian, and are exposed at Saignon and Viens. Various other trackways including artiodactyls and possibly creodonts are also present. Based on the 1974 discovery of a Ronzotherium velaunum mandible in lower Oligocene strata at Viens, the tracks are attributed to Ronzotherium. == Localities ==

United Kingdom In the United Kingdom rare isolated teeth and bone fragments, attributed to Ronzotherium romani, have been found from the Rupelian aged Bouldnor Formation on the Isle Of Wight. Here Ronzotherium formed part of the post-grande coupure fauna alongside anthracotheres, entelodonts, and a variety of other Asian derived groups. France Ronzotherium remains have been recovered from numerous Oligocene sites throughout France. In the Rupelian strata of the Paris Basin material attributed to R.romani has been collected from Etampes and Ferte-Alais. Germany The Espenhain mines in Saxony have produced a series of Ronzotherium teeth. The locality, south of Leipzig, exposes the Bohn Formation, a predominantly marine sequence of Rupelian age that has preserved a rich terrestrial fauna of post-grande coupure mammals. Switzerland Switzerland preserves the oldest, and some of the youngest evidence of the genus in Europe. At Kleinblauen and Bressaucourt in northwest Switzerland the mandible of a juvenile animal, along with other finds, provides the earliest known occurrence of Ronzotherium in Europe. Further asian finds come from the Late Oligocene of China's Linxia Basin, where an unspecified species of Ronzotherium lived alongside a diversity of other late Paleogene rhinocerotids. == References ==