In the 18th century an important
Rococo fortress, based on a French prototype, was built on the site by the
Elector of Bavaria and German Emperor,
Charles VII. Construction lasted from about 1729 to 1750. Two
bastions were named after him and his wife,
Maria Amalia. From time to time up to 400 soldiers were garrisoned here. It was built on an older and smaller fortification that was
slighted, which in turn had been built on the remains of an even older ruined castle. The site was built to geometric principles. Because they wanted to avoid blind spots,
bastions were built to a star-shaped design. The overall plan was a polygon with a bastioned tower at each corner. The crest of the embankment was kept low in order to minimise the target area. The outer defences on the north side began with a gently rising
glacis, followed by a covered way and a moat. Behind that, and scarcely higher than the glacis, rose the main
rampart. This was designed to be difficult to shell because the wall was protected by the glacis. The site of the fortress on a hill ridge resembled that of medieval castles, that were often built on high points that were very difficult to access. In this case, the hillside thus protected the fortress to the south, east and west from being stormed, but not from the powerful
siege guns of that time. The fortress was built entirely of brickwork. This was sixteen metres high on all sides and had vaulting on the inside, ten metres high. There were two, two-storey
barrack buildings inside the fortress, an
armoury, the garrison headquarters and a church. The garrison lived in the fortress with their families. Protected water supplies came from a fortress well and, later, by the
Schneckenbrunnen well, built in 1759–67, in the
counterguard outside the fortress. Built to counter the
imperial city of
Nuremberg only 25 kilometres away, the
fortress was intended to guard the Bavarian border and the Electoral Bavarian enclave near Schnaittach from the city. In 1806
Napoleon annexed Franconia to the
Kingdom of Bavaria and Rothenberg then became superfluous to the
Bavarian Army as a border fortress. It continued to be used, however, as a
fortress prison. In 1838 the
Bavarian Minister of War sold the entire inventory, including doors, beams and everything that could be removed. The fortress was abandoned and fell into ruins. It was used as a quarry for the construction of
Nuremberg Central Station. In 1876 explosive demolition testing was carried out on the
ravelin. The site may be visited as part of a guided tour. The underground
casemates are out of bounds from November to April in order protect
bats. Southward of the ruins you can find a cemetery. 1083 people were buried on this place. == Literature ==