Governor-General of the Philippines

== British occupation of Manila (1762–1764) ==

After the Spanish defeat at the Battle of Manila in 1762, the Philippines was briefly governed simultaneously by two Governors-General, one of the Spanish Empire and one of the British Empire. Great Britain shortly occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War, while the Spanish Governor-General set up a provisional government in Bacolor, Pampanga to continue administering the rest of the archipelago. British governor-general Spanish governor-general == Under New Spain (1764–1821) ==

After the British returned Manila to the Spanish in 1764, the Spanish Governor-General Francisco Javier de la Torre resumed administration of the Philippines under the authority of the Viceroy of New Spain in modern-day Mexico (New Spain) as part of the Spanish Empire. The Philippines, along with the rest of the Spanish Empire, became part of the First French Empire in 1808 after Napoleon overthrew Ferdinand VII and installed Joseph Bonaparte as king until his abdication in 1813, as part of a disastrous consequence of Napoleon's 1812 Russian campaign, the Peninsular Wars, particularly the Battle of Vitoria, and of forming the Sixth Coalition. == Direct Spanish control (1821–1899) ==

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Spanish Crown. == United States Military Government (1898–1902) ==

The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on August 13, 1898. On August 14, 1898, the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins. General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule. During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor. == Insular Government (1901–1935) ==

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft. Disagreements between the two were not uncommon. The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority. After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance". refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas were under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department. == High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–1942 and 1945–1946) ==

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila. After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines. == Japanese military governors (1942–1945) ==

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Imperial Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Japanese sent a military governor to control the country during the wartime period, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet Second Philippine Republic under Jose P. Laurel. On September 2, 1945, the position of Governor-General of the Philippines was abolished. The Philippines' independence from the United States was proclaimed by the Treaty of Manila on July 4, 1946, installing Manuel Roxas as the fifth President of the Philippines and ushering in the Third Philippine Republic. == Vice-governors of the Philippines ==

On October 29, 1901, the position of Vice-Governor was created. The Vice-Governor was appointed by the President of the United States to act as the Governor-General (known at that time as the Civil Governor) in case of illness or temporary absence. == Timelines ==

1750–1800 ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:60 right:170 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1750 till:1799 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1750 Colors = id:Vacant value:black id:None value:gray(0.3) id:ESP value:yelloworange legend:Spanish id:GBR value:purple legend:British id:linemark value:gray(0.8) id:linemark2 value:gray(0.9) Legend = columns:1 left:120 top:25 columnwidth:200 BarData = barset:PM PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:PM from:1750 till:1750 text:"Archbishop Juan Arrechederra (acting)" color:ESP from:1750 till:1754 text:"Francisco José de Ovando y Solis, 1st Marquis of Ovando" color:ESP from:1754 till:1759 text:"Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban" color:ESP from:1759 till:1761 text:"Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta" color:ESP from:1761 till:1762 text:"Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra (acting)" color:ESP from:1762 till:1764 text:"Simón de Anda y Salazar (Provisional Government)" color:ESP from:1762 till:1764 text:"Dawsonne Drake" color:GBR from:1764 till:1765 text:"Francisco Javier de la Torre" color:ESP from:1765 till:1770 text:"José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez" color:ESP from:1770 till:1776 text:"Simón de Anda y Salazar" color:ESP from:1776 till:1778 text:"Pedro Sarrió" color:ESP from:1778 till:1787 text:"José Basco y Vargas" color:ESP from:1787 till:1788 text:"Pedro Sarrió" color:ESP from:1788 till:1793 text:"Félix Berenguer de Marquina" color:ESP from:1793 till:1799 text:"Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León" color:ESP 1800–1850 ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:12 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:60 right:170 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1800 till:12/31/1849 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1800 Colors = id:Vacant value:black id:None value:gray(0.3) id:ESP value:yelloworange legend:Spanish id:linemark value:gray(0.8) id:linemark2 value:gray(0.9) Legend = columns:1 left:120 top:25 columnwidth:200 BarData = barset:PM PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:PM from:01/01/1800 till:08/07/1806 text:"Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León" color:ESP from:08/07/1806 till:03/04/1810 text:"Mariano Fernández de Folgueras" color:ESP from:03/04/1810 till:09/14/1813 text:"Manuel González de Aguilar" color:ESP from:09/04/1813 till:09/09/1816 text:"José de Gardoqui y Jarabeitia" color:ESP from:09/09/1816 till:10/30/1822 text:"Mariano Fernández de Folgueras" color:ESP from:10/30/1822 till:10/15/1825 text:"Juan Antonio Martínez" color:ESP from:10/15/1825 till:12/23/1830 text:"Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca" color:ESP from:12/23/1830 till:03/01/1835 text:"Pascual Enrile y Alcedo" color:ESP from:03/01/1835 till:04/23/1835 text:"Gabriel de Torres" color:ESP from:04/23/1835 till:09/08/1835 text:"Joaquín de Crámer" color:ESP from:09/08/1835 till:08/27/1837 text:"Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona" color:ESP from:08/27/1837 till:12/29/1838 text:"Andrés García Camba" color:ESP from:12/29/1838 till:02/14/1841 text:"Luis Lardizábal" color:ESP from:02/14/1841 till:06/17/1843 text:"Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri" color:ESP from:06/17/1843 till:07/16/1844 text:"Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre" color:ESP from:07/16/1844 till:12/26/1849 text:"Narciso Clavería y Zaldua" color:ESP from:12/26/1849 till:12/31/1849 text:"Antonio María Blanco" color:ESP 1850–1898 ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:11 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:60 right:170 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1850 till:08/13/1898 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1850 Colors = id:Vacant value:black id:None value:gray(0.3) id:ESP value:yelloworange legend:Spanish id:MIL value:green legend:American_(military) id:linemark value:gray(0.8) id:linemark2 value:gray(0.9) Legend = columns:1 left:120 top:25 columnwidth:200 BarData = barset:PM PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till barset:PM from:01/01/1850 till:07/29/1850 text:"Antonio María Blanco" color:ESP from:07/29/1850 till:12/20/1853 text:"Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía" color:ESP from:12/20/1853 till:02/02/1854 text:"Ramón Montero y Blandino" color:ESP from:02/02/1854 till:10/28/1854 text:"Manuel Pavía y Lacy" color:ESP from:10/28/1854 till:11/20/1854 text:"Ramón Montero y Blandino" color:ESP from:11/20/1854 till:12/05/1856 text:"Manuel Crespo y Cebrían" color:ESP from:12/05/1856 till:03/09/1857 text:"Ramón Montero y Blandino" color:ESP from:03/09/1857 till:01/12/1860 text:"Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero" color:ESP from:01/12/1860 till:08/29/1860 text:"Ramón María Solano y Llanderal" color:ESP from:08/29/1860 till:02/02/1861 text:"Juan Herrera Dávila" color:ESP from:02/02/1861 till:07/07/1862 text:"José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González" color:ESP from:07/07/1862 till:07/09/1862 text:"Salvador Valdés" color:ESP from:07/09/1862 till:03/24/1865 text:"Rafael de Echague y Bermingham" color:ESP from:03/24/1865 till:04/25/1865 text:"Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez" color:ESP from:04/25/1865 till:07/13/1866 text:"Juan de Lara e Irigoyen" color:ESP from:07/13/1866 till:09/21/1866 text:"José Laureano de Sanz y Posse" color:ESP from:09/21/1866 till:09/27/1866 text:"Juan Antonio Osorio" color:ESP from:09/27/1866 till:10/26/1866 text:"Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez" color:ESP from:10/26/1866 till:06/07/1869 text:"José de la Gándara y Navarro" color:ESP from:06/07/1869 till:06/23/1869 text:"Manuel Maldonado" color:ESP from:06/23/1869 till:04/04/1871 text:"Cárlos María de la Torre y Nava Cerrada" color:ESP from:04/04/1871 till:01/08/1873 text:"Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez" color:ESP from:01/08/1873 till:01/24/1873 text:"Manuel MacCrohon" color:ESP from:01/24/1873 till:03/17/1874 text:"Juan Alminos y de Vivar" color:ESP from:03/17/1874 till:06/18/1874 text:"Manuel Blanco Valderrama" color:ESP from:06/18/1874 till:02/28/1877 text:"José Malcampo y Monje" color:ESP from:02/28/1877 till:03/20/1880 text:"Domingo Moriones y Murillo" color:ESP from:03/20/1880 till:04/15/1880 text:"Rafael Rodríguez Arias" color:ESP from:04/15/1880 till:03/10/1883 text:"Fernando Primo de Rivera" color:ESP from:03/10/1883 till:04/07/1883 text:"Emilio Molíns" color:ESP from:04/07/1883 till:04/01/1885 text:"Joaquín Jovellar" color:ESP from:04/01/1885 till:04/04/1885 text:"Emilio Molíns" color:ESP from:04/04/1885 till:04/10/1888 text:"Emilio Terrero y Perinat" color:ESP from:04/25/1888 till:06/04/1888 text:"Antonio Moltó" color:ESP from:06/04/1888 till:06/05/1888 text:"Federico Lobatón" color:ESP from:06/05/1888 till:11/17/1891 text:"Valeriano Weyler" color:ESP from:11/17/1891 till:03/01/1893 text:"Eulogio Despujol" color:ESP from:03/01/1893 till:05/04/1893 text:"Federico Ochando" color:ESP from:05/04/1893 till:12/13/1896 text:"Ramón Blanco" color:ESP from:12/13/1896 till:04/15/1897 text:"Camilo Polavieja" color:ESP from:04/15/1897 till:04/23/1897 text:"José de Lachambre" color:ESP from:04/23/1897 till:04/11/1898 text:"Fernando Primo de Rivera" color:ESP from:04/11/1898 till:07/24/1898 text:"Basilio Augustín" color:ESP from:07/24/1898 till:08/13/1898 text:"Fermín Jáudenes" color:esp 1898–1946 ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:10 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:60 right:170 left:20 AlignBars = late DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:08/13/1898 till:07/04/1946 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:5 start:1900 Colors = id:ESP value:yelloworange legend:Spanish id:MIL value:green legend:American_(Military) id:DEM value:darkblue legend:American_(Democrat) id:REP value:red legend:American_(Republican) id:JPN value:black legend:Japanese id:linemark value:gray(0.8) id:linemark2 value:gray(0.9) Legend = columns:1 left:120 top:25 columnwidth:200 • Suppress axis text BarData = bar:Rizzo bar:Ríos bar:Merritt bar:Otis text: bar:MacArthur text: bar:Chaffee text: bar:Taft text: bar:Wright text: bar:Ide text: bar:Smith text: bar:Forbes text: bar:Gilbert text: bar:Harrison text: bar:Yeater text: bar:Wood text: bar:Gilmore text: bar:Stimson text: bar:Davis text: bar:Butte text: bar:Roosevelt text: bar:Murphy text: bar:Jones text: bar:McNutt text: bar:Sayre text: bar:Homma text: bar:Tanaka text: bar:Karoda text: bar:Yamashita text: PlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till bar:Rizzo from:08/13/1898 till:09/01/1898 text:"Francisco Rizzo" color:ESP bar:Ríos from:09/01/1898 till:12/10/1898 text:"Diego de los Ríos" color:ESP bar:Merritt from:08/14/1898 till:08/28/1898 text:"Wesley Merritt" color:MIL bar:Otis from:08/28/1898 till:05/05/1900 text:"Otis" color:MIL bar:MacArthur from:05/25/1900 till:07/04/1901 text:"MacArthur" color:MIL bar:Chaffee from:07/04/1901 till:07/04/1902 text:"Chaffee" color:MIL bar:Taft from:07/04/1902 till:12/23/1903 text:"Taft" color:REP bar:Wright from:02/01/1904 till:04/01/1906 text:"Wright" color:REP bar:Ide from:03/30/1906 till:09/01/1906 text:"Ide" color:REP bar:Smith from:09/01/1906 till:11/11/1909 text:"Smith" color:REP bar:Forbes from:11/11/1909 till:09/01/1913 text:"Forbes" color:REP bar:Gilbert from:09/01/1913 till:10/06/1913 text:"Gilbert" color:REP bar:Harrison from:10/06/1913 till:03/05/1921 text:"Harrison" color:DEM bar:Yeater from:03/05/1921 till:10/14/1921 text:"Yeater" color:DEM bar:Wood from:10/14/1921 till:08/07/1927 text:"Wood" color:REP bar:Gilmore from:08/07/1927 till:12/27/1927 text:" " color:REP bar:Stimson from:12/27/1927 till:02/23/1929 text:"Stimson" color:REP bar:Gilmore from:02/23/1929 till:07/08/1929 text:"Gilmore" color:REP bar:Davis from:07/08/1929 till:01/09/1932 text:"Davis" color:REP bar:Butte from:01/09/1932 till:02/29/1932 text:"Butte" color:REP bar:Roosevelt from:02/29/1932 till:07/15/1933 text:"Roosevelt" color:REP bar:Murphy from:07/15/1933 till:12/31/1936 text:"Murphy" color:DEM bar:Jones from:12/31/1936 till:02/27/1937 text:"Jones" color:DEM bar:McNutt from:02/27/1937 till:12/31/1939 text:"McNutt" color:DEM bar:Sayre from:12/31/1939 till:01/03/1942 text:"Sayre" color:DEM bar:Homma from:01/03/1942 till:06/08/1942 text:"Homma" color:JPN bar:Tanaka from:06/08/1942 till:05/28/1943 text:"Tanaka" color:JPN bar:Karoda from:05/28/1943 till:07/26/1944 text:"Kuroda" color:JPN bar:Yamashita from:07/26/1944 till:08/17/1945 text:"Yamashita" color:JPN bar:McNutt from:08/17/1945 till:07/04/1946 text:"McNutt" color:DEM == See also ==