Rugocaudia

Rugocaudia is known from the holotype specimen, MOR 334, a partial skeleton consisting of 18 caudal vertebrae and associated material including an isolated neural arch, tooth, chevron, and distal section of a metacarpal. It was collected from the Cloverly Formation, which dates to the Aptian or the Albian stage of the Early Cretaceous. Comparisons of the known material to contemporary sauropods (e.g. Sonorasaurus, Venenosaurus, and Paluxysaurus) suggested that its fossils represent a new taxon from the region. Rugocaudia cooneyi was described and named as a new genus and species by D.Cary Woodruff in 2012. The generic name is derived from the Latin ruga, "wrinkle" and cauda, "tail", referencing the highly rugose posterior margins of the caudal vertebrae. The specific name honors J. P. Cooney, the owner of the land on which the holotype was found. ==Description==

Rugocaudia is a mid-sized titanosauriform sauropod. Woodruff (2012) did not publish an estimate of the animal's full size, however, he hypothesized that its tail was probably around in length. Rugocaudia can be distinguished from all other sauropods by the following autapomorphies: stronly at the end of the tail, at the front of the tail that project backwards, positioned on the back of the vertebrae, centra that are roughly as tall as they are wide, and a deep canal on the . The vertebrae bear several other distinct features, some of which are shared by other taxa, but which are synapomorphic of this taxon. They include: a very rugose texture on the vertebral , two large depressions on the anteior part of the condyles on the front tail vertebrae, numerous on the margins of the condyles, a convex-upward bend in the vertebrae at the end of the tail, and centra along the middle of the tail that are square-shaped in lateral view. The genus was diagnosed based on the tail vertebrae, but the other fragmentary bones were too incomplete for them to be useful for understanding the taxon, so they were not used in the diagnosis. ==Classification==

Woodruff (2012) did not conduct a phylogenetic analysis in his description of Rugocaudia, regarding the material as too fragmentary for such an analysis to be useful, and stating that this would only be informative if more material were to be found. However, Woodruff was able to diagnose Rugocaudia as a member of Titanosauriformes. The tail vertebrae bore several of the distinguishing features of this group including: high variability in the morphology of the caudal vertebrae, strongly procoelous posterior caudals, mid-front caudals with a concave front and flat rear, and vertebrae along the rear part of the tail. later in 2012, D'Emic and Foreman noted that Woodruff's diagnosis for the taxon was largely based on anatomical characters that were not observable or present in the fossil material, characters that were also seen in other taxa, and characters related to damage in the material. ==Paleoenvironment==

Rugocaudia was found in the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Montana. During that time, the region consisted of wide floodplains around rivers that drained into the shallow inland sea to the north and east, carrying sediment eroded from the low mountains to the west. Periodic flooding of these rivers covered the surrounding plains with new muddy sediments, creating the Cloverly Formation and burying the remains of many animals, some of which would be fossilized. Later in the Cretaceous, the shallow sea would expand to cover the entire region and would eventually split North America completely in half, forming the Western Interior Seaway. Abundant fossil remains of coniferous trees suggest that these plains were covered in forests. The most abundant herbivorous dinosaur known from the Cloverly Formation is the large iguanodont Tenontosaurus. The smaller hypsilophodont Zephyrosaurus, the nodosaurid Sauropelta, and an indeterminate ornithomimosaur were also present in the environment. The dromaeosaurid theropod Deinonychus fed upon some of these herbivores, and the sheer number of Deinonychus teeth scattered throughout the formation are a testament to its abundance. Lungfish, triconodont mammals, and several species of turtles lived in the Cloverly, while crocodilians prowled the rivers, lakes, and swamps, providing evidence of a year-round warm climate. ==See also==