Runt

SGA has been best studied in pigs, both due to industry pressures of high mortality rates of preweaning piglets and the use of pig as a model organism in science. Runts are caused by interplay between genetics, environment in utero, maternal environment and care. Breeding for larger litter sizes has resulted in there being born more piglets than the teats of the sow, longer birthing times and more hypoxic young. Further causes of fetal malfunctioning can be a circovirus infection, maternal malnutrition or a small or inconveniently placed placenta. In cattle and sheep, an additional reason may be hot weather during pregnancy. In dairy cows, a contributing factor may be lactating while pregnant, which can overtax the cow's ability to provide sufficient nutrients to the fetus. Nulliparous cows are more at risk of giving birth to SGA calves, and on average give birth to calves of a lower birth weight. In dogs, a larger litter size may cause more low weight puppies to be born. Typically low weight puppies, like piglets, have smaller placentas in comparison to their normal body weight littermates. In cats, younger mothers are more likely to give birth to kittens with lower body weight. Likelihood of giving birth to low body weight kittens increases if there is at least one stillbirth in the litter. ==Management==

For companion animals such as dogs, assisting with whelping, using Apgar scoring and monitoring weight to identify at-risk puppies has been proven to lower mortality rates and equalize early growth among littermates. However, it is the identification of at-risk puppies that presents a unique challenge in dogs, as dog breeds can vary in weight from less than 1 kg to 120 kg. This discrepancy in size can make it hard to create a uniform guideline for care which breeders and veterinarians can implement in practice. Several identifying tools have been proposed, such as puppy weight - mother weight ratio, which can help identify low birth weight mongrel puppies or breed-specific thresholds, which can be more useful in identifying underweight purebred puppies, as the birth weight of puppies can vary quite a bit among same adult size large and giant breeds. For livestock like swine, labor-intensive birth assistance has been identified as a major mitigating factor in runt mortality and future outcomes, however such a strategy is cost ineffective in intensive animal farming. Instead, the recommended strategy is managing the sow's nutritional intake and not breeding IUGR piglets. In cows, it has been found that runt calves are less likely to be effective milk producers and also tend to produce smaller calves in turn. It has been suggested that it would be more effective to redirect SGA calves to veal production, and preferentially breed calves of an average size and good productivity. ==See also==