Background Having lost its Christian-majority Balkan possessions in the
Balkan Wars, fears had intensified within the ranks of the
Ottoman government that a similar push for independence by the Armenians—Turkey's largest remaining Christian minority, situated in the heart of
Anatolia—might lead to the breakup of Turkey itself. Aware of the Ottomans' growing hostility, some Armenians, particularly in the
Vilayet of Van, had begun stockpiling weapons and ammunition for self-defence, fearing a repetition of the massacres of 1905, but these activities only strengthened Ottoman suspicions of Armenian intentions. Following the outbreak of
World War I, mutual distrust between Turks and Armenians reached almost intolerable levels when, in early 1915, Turkey was invaded both by the British at
Gallipoli and Russia from the east. The Russian thrust into Van Vilayet, spearheaded by Russo-Armenian units, was quickly blamed by the Ottoman leadership on alleged collaboration by the Van Armenians, and extreme measures against the mostly defenceless Armenian populace were authorized, resulting in massacres, the
siege of Van, and eventually, the
Armenian genocide.
Witness to the Armenian genocide ), April 1915. During the Armenian genocide, Parmelee was stationed in Kharpert where she continued to conduct her missionary activities. She is believed to have been the only physician in the town. Therefore, she was often preoccupied with caring of those suffering from the events. In the beginning stages of the Armenian genocide, Parmelee recounts the initial arrests of the Armenian intellectuals of the town: On May 1, 1915 the first group of influential Armenian men were gathered up and put into prison. This company included merchants, priests, college professors etc. The names of the latter were Tennekejian, Boujancanian, Lulejian, Soghigian. The first three of those mentioned, suffered terrible torture. One procedure which was used to torture Professor Lulejian was to throw him into a fearfully ill-smelling Turkish closet, after having beaten him unconscious. Parmelee later writes that other groups of influential men were "bound together, taken out by night under strong guard to a desolate spot and massacred by their guards." While the genocide started to become more intense, Parmelee decided to change from her original assignment to emergency medical care. She treated Armenian women who were deported and children that were in those same deportation routes. She helped people who were suffering from things like starvation, disease, and those who were exposed to those same diseases and even provided relief when possible. Her position as the only available physician in Harpoon really but her in the center of all of the humanitarian and medical work during these deportations. Her writings in "A Pioneer in the Euphrates Valley" also documented how she navigated through the Ottoman restrictions, not having many supplies, and the collapse of the local medical structure. Piana (2015) highlighted Parmelee's word during this time and showed that missionary women challenged gender expectations while performing during critical moments in a war zone. She then adds: Among the groups of men to be gathered up and imprisoned in Harput during June 1915 was one group of middle-aged and old men. What a shout of anguish arose from the neighborhood when they saw this group of men being taken down the hill to the prison at Mezereh. Among this number was one man, by name of Hagop Benneyan, a man so feeble that a trip to the market and back was sufficient to tire him; when the officers came to arrest him in his home, he begged them to kill him right there, for he said he could not take the journey. But they obliged him to go to prison with them and then out on the road. He left behind an aged wife and three daughters of rather feeble health. When the families of this quarter of the city were sent into exile, these four feeble women had to go with them. Word came back afterwards the two older women of the family, the mother and the oldest daughter, had succumbed by the roadside and the two younger daughters who had been teachers in our school, had been seen wrapped about each other, utterly naked, on a burning plain near Oorfa. Parmelee continued to describe the eventual massacre of groups of men from the town: The most authentic news that we had of the slaughter of a company of men sent out from prison was brought by our own druggist. His group of 800 men had been taken out not many hours from Harput, bound together in groups of four, and under strong guard. This man (Melkon Lulejian, brother of Professor
Donabed Garabed Lulejian) found himself cut loose from his bonds, and escaped from the midst of the killing. His companions who were not able like himself, were being deliberately killed by their own guards. While the male population was being imprisoned, the deportations for the town was already underway. The deportees consisted mostly of women and children. Not only does she provide eyewitness accounts to the genocide, but also to the Eastern front of World War I. Her personal journal entries denote her own experience suffering typhus, how she treated Turkish and Armenian patients in the area, and includes anecdotes about learning both the Armenian and Turkish language. This diary also holds a wealth of cultural insight in Harput. Parmelee describes things like Armenian Christmas on January 19, 1916, and other cultural encounters: Mother & I attended the women's association of Central Church lunch and missionary meeting. Went home to dinner with Mrs. Abajian-- pilaff, kufties, helve etc. I am learning to talk Turkish! Words come back to me. ==Later life==