Byrne was awarded a BA in Psychology from
University College Dublin (UCD) in 1983. She completed a PhD in Cognitive Psychology at
Trinity College Dublin (TCD) in 1986. She worked as a research scientist at the
Applied Psychology Unit of
University of Cambridge from 1986 to 1989 and as a lecturer in Psychology at
Cardiff University from 1989 to 1991. Byrne returned to Ireland in early 1991 as a college lecturer in the computer science department at UCD, and later that year she moved to a lectureship in the psychology department at TCD. She became an associate professor (now termed professor) in 1999, and full professor (personal chair), Professor of Cognitive Science, in 2005. Byrne was elected a Fellow of TCD in 1995, and became a Senior Fellow in 2021. She was the Vice Provost of TCD from 2005 to 2008, and has also served as head of TCD's Psychology department and deputy director of its Institute of neuroscience. Byrne was elected a member of the
Royal Irish Academy in 2007. She was awarded the Royal Irish Academy's 2021 Gold Medal in the Social Sciences. ==Publication==