Nichols was born in
New York City to Erickson Norman Nichols and Edith Corlis Haines. Her father was a member of the
New York Stock Exchange, and had served with
Teddy Roosevelt's
Rough Riders (officially known as The 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry). Ruth was sent to
the Masters School, a private preparatory school for young women. On her graduation from high school in 1919, her father's graduation present to her was an airplane ride with
Eddie Stinson Jr., which spurred her interest in becoming a pilot. After her graduation from the Masters School, she attended
Wellesley College, studied
pre medical, and graduated in 1924.
Career as a pilot While a student at
Wellesley College, Nichols secretly took flying lessons. Shortly after graduation, she received her
pilot's license, and became the first woman in the world to obtain a
hydroplane license. She first achieved public fame in January 1928 as co-pilot for Harry Rogers, who had been her flying instructor, on the first non-stop flight from New York to
Miami, Florida. Due to her
socialite upbringing and aristocratic family background, Nichols became known in the press as the "Flying Debutante", a name she hated. Nichols was then hired as a sales manager for
Fairchild Aviation Corporation. In 1929, she was a founding member, with
Amelia Earhart and others, of the
Ninety-Nines, an organization of licensed women pilots. In August 1929, she and Earhart were among 20 competitors in the
Women's Air Derby (also known as the "Powder Puff Derby"), the first official women-only air race in the United States. They departed from Santa Monica, California, on 18 August for Cleveland, Ohio. Nichols crashed,
Louise Thaden won, while Earhart finished third in the heavy class. During the 1930s, while working for Fairchild and other aviation companies, Nichols made several record-setting flights, most of them in a
Lockheed Electra, the New Cincinnati, on open loan from millionaire radio industrialist Powel Crosley Jr. In December 1930, she beat
Charles Lindbergh's record time for a cross-country flight, completing the trip in 13 hours, 21 minutes. In March, 1931, she set the women's world altitude record of 28,743 feet (8760.9 m). In April 1931 in Detroit, she set the women's world speed record of 210.7 miles per hour (339.1 km/h). In June, 1931, she attempted to become the first woman to fly solo across the
Atlantic Ocean, but crashed in
New Brunswick and was severely injured, breaking at least two vertebrae in her back. On 29 December, Nichols became the first woman pilot of a commercial
passenger airline, flying for
New York and New England Airways. In 1935, Nichols joined the British-based
Women's Engineering Society, at the time the only organisation in the world for women engineers and pilots. On 21 October 1935, Nichols was critically injured in a crash during a private flight in
Troy, New York. The flight was to be an airborne wedding for two couples over New York City, but the plane, a
Curtiss Condor, registration NC725K, crashed shortly after takeoff, killing the pilot. Nichols received a broken left wrist, ankle and nose, contusions, burns and "possible internal injuries", according to newspaper accounts of the crash. She was unable to fly for nearly a year after. When she returned to flying, Nichols went to work for the Emergency Peace Campaign, a
Quaker organization that sought to promote peaceful resolution to international conflicts then brewing. In 1939, she headed
Relief Wings, a civilian air service that performed emergency relief flights and assisted the
Civil Air Patrol during
World War II. Nichols would eventually attain the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Civil Air Patrol. Following the war, Nichols became involved in other humanitarian efforts, using her celebrity to bring attention to causes and to raise funds. She organised a mission of support for
UNICEF, including piloting a round-the-world tour in 1949. During this tour, on August 14, she joined the crew of a
Transocean Air Lines flight carrying 47 Italian immigrants on behalf of the
International Refugee Organization to
Caracas,
Venezuela. During the flight, the plane accidentally overflew
Shannon (a planned stopover) and, despite turning around, was forced to ditch in
Galway Bay at 2:40 am the following morning. All but 8 of the 58 on board were rescued. In the 1950s, she served as director of women's activities for
Save the Children, director of the women's division of the
United Hospital Fund, and field director for the National Nephrosis Foundation. In 1958, after lobbying the
United States Air Force for permission, she co-piloted a
TF-102A Delta Dagger and reached 1,000 miles per hour (1600 km/h) and an altitude of 51,000 feet (15 545 m), setting new women's speed and altitude records at age fifty-seven.
Women in space program In 1959, as
NASA's Mercury program was preparing for missions to the moon, Nichols underwent the same isolation, centrifuge, and weightlessness tests that had been devised for the astronaut candidates. The tests were conducted at the
Wright Air Development Center in
Dayton, Ohio, by USAF Brigadier General
Don Flickinger. Flickinger, and his mentor
Randy Lovelace (the bioastronautics pioneer who performed the medical selection of the Mercury Seven), had a far-reaching interest in research on the suitability of women as astronauts. However, no official records of the Air Research and Development Command, the experimental wing of the Air Force trying to get America into space, survive to document how or why this came about. Although she didn't pass all the Phase 1 tests that her female peers did (the
Mercury 13), Nichols performed well enough on the tests and urged Air Force scientists to include women in their spaceflight plans. The scientists at Wright "thought of this with horror, and they said under no circumstances," according to an oral historian to whom Nichols relayed the story. The test results were leaked to the media which, according to Flickinger, "turned the tide" against Air Force sponsorship of research into female astronaut candidates. Ultimately only
Jerrie Cobb was able to complete all three phases of tests before
NASA officially pulled the plug on the program.
Death Suffering from severe
depression, Nichols died of an overdose of
barbiturates at her home in New York City on September 25, 1960. Her death was ruled a suicide. Nichols was interred at
Woodlawn Cemetery in the
Bronx, New York. ==Legacy==