Original two distinct tribes, the Sac and Fox joined forces during the 18th century to resist attacks by the French. The Sac traditionally referred to themselves as "People of the Yellow Earth," while the Foxes called themselves "Red Earth People." The Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri was established by an 1815 treaty, and they relocated from
Iowa and
Illinois to northeastern
Missouri. In 1824, they moved again to the Platte Valley. Sac leader,
Black Hawk led his people in a war against the United States in 1832. An 1837 treaty relocated the tribe to the Great Nemaha Reservation in
Doniphan and
Brown counties in Kansas. Noted diplomat
Jeffrey Deroine, a formerly enslaved man, served as an interpreter for an 1838 treaty. After several treaties ceded more land, the
Dawes Act broke tribal lands into individual allotments. On 1 August 1953, the
US Congress passed
House Concurrent Resolution 108 which called for the immediate termination of the
Flathead,
Klamath,
Menominee,
Potawatomi, and
Turtle Mountain Chippewa, as well as all tribes in the states of
California,
New York,
Florida, and
Texas. Termination of a tribe meant the immediate withdrawal of all federal aid, services, and protection, as well as the end of reservations. A memo issued by the
Department of the Interior on 21 January 1954 clarified that the reference to "Potawatomi" in the Resolution meant the
Potawatomi, the
Kickapoo, the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska and the
Iowa tribes in Kansas. Because jurisdiction over criminal matters had already been transferred to the State of Kansas by the passage of the
Kansas Act of 1940 the government targeted the four tribes in Kansas for immediate termination. The
Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation tribal leader,
Minnie Evans (Indian name: Ke-waht-no-quah Wish-Ken-O){{cite web|url=http://genealogytrails.com/kan/butler/1927potawatomiindians.html|access-date=17 April 2023|website=genealogytrails.com ==See also==