Salami slicing tactics

Computerized banking systems make it possible to repeatedly divert tiny amounts of money, typically due to rounding off, to a beneficiary's account. This general concept is used in popular automatic-savings apps. It has also been said to be behind fraudulent schemes, whereby bank transactions calculated to the nearest smallest unit of currency leave unaccounted-for fractions of a unit, for fraudsters to divert into other amounts. Snopes in 2001 dismissed a popular account of such an embezzlement scheme as a legend. In Los Angeles, in October 1998, district attorneys charged four men with fraud for allegedly installing computer chips in gasoline pumps that cheated consumers by slightly overstating the amounts pumped. The fraud was noticed by consumers who found that they had been charged for volumes of gasoline greater than their cars' gas tank capacities. In 2008, a man was arrested for fraudulently creating 58,000 accounts which he used to collect money through verification deposits from online brokerage firms, a few cents at a time. In 1996, a fare box serviceman in Edmonton, Canada, was sentenced to four years' imprisonment for stealing coins from the city's transit agency fare boxes. Over 13 years, he stole 37 tonnes of coins, with a face value of nearly million, using a magnet to lift the coins (made primarily of steel or nickel at the time) out of the fare boxes one at a time. In Buffalo, New York, a fare box serviceman stole more than US$200,000 in quarters from the local transit agency over an eight-year period stretching from 2003 to 2011 and was sentenced to thirty months in prison. == Geopolitics ==

The first use of salami slicing in politics - and the original Hungarian term () - is commonly attributed to Hungarian politician Mátyás Rákosi, who described the actions of the Hungarian Communist Party in its acquisition of power in the Second Hungarian Republic. China's salami slice strategy In 2021, the European Parliamentary Research Service accused China of using the salami slice strategy to gradually increase its presence in The South China Sea. Examples of this strategy are the Spratley Islands dispute, the Scarborough Shoal standoff, and more broadly China's Nine-dash line claims over virtually the whole entire South China Sea. China repeatedly uses its coast guard and merchant fishing vessels as a paramilitary fleet to intimidate its neighbors, often referred to as grey zone tactics. China's salami slicing actions provoked wide international condemnation, especially in regards to its island neighbor. China claims Taiwan as part of its sovereign territory via the One-China Policy. In January 2019, Chinese President Xi Jinping essentially said he would use military force to reunify with Taiwan if he had to. In August 2022, then US House Speaker Nancy Pelosi visited Taiwan, which further escalated international tensions following the COVID-19 pandemic. Shortly after her visit in 2022, then US President Joe Biden effectively stated America would go to war with China should they attempt a Taiwan invasion. In 2024, the Chinese military flew near Taiwanese airspace over 3,000 times, an increase from the roughly 1,700 flights in 2022 and 2023. During the second presidency of Donald Trump, the US seemingly walked back claims of war over Taiwan, and appeared to pursue the method of strategic ambiguity on the matter. == Scientific misconduct ==

Scientists are often evaluated by a number of papers published and similar criteria. In this context, salami slicing refers to "fragmenting single coherent bodies of research into as many publications as possible". If the fragment is too small it may be too hard to publish, so this includes forming minimal publishable items. It can be harder to collect, digest, understand and evaluate the research when scattered in a number of sources. It also leads to repetitive descriptions of context, bibliography lists and so on. Regarding that it is costly to scientific dissemination process, it is often considered a bad practice or even unethical. Some authors managed to divide research to extreme proportions. Salami slicing "can result in a distortion of the literature by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (i.e., journal article) is derived from a different subject sample". Salami slicing is considered a type of scientific misconduct. ==Cultural references==

Film In the 2016 film Arrival, Agent Halpern mentions a Hungarian word meaning to eliminate your enemies one by one. It is thought that this alludes to szalámitaktika. Salami slicing has played a key role in the plots of several films, including Hackers, Superman III, and Office Space. In a 1986 episode of Yes, Prime Minister, "The Grand Design", the government's chief scientific adviser walks Prime Minister Hacker through how salami tactics work and would prevent the prime minister from using nuclear weapons. Music Johnny Cash's "One Piece at a Time" has a similar plot to the aforementioned M*A*S*H episode, but with a Cadillac made up of parts spanning model years 1949 through 1973. ==See also==