Atriplex

Species of plants in genus Atriplex are annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs. The plants are often covered with bladderlike hairs, that later collapse and form a silvery, scurfy or mealy surface, rarely with elongate trichomes. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches, rarely in opposite pairs, either sessile or on a petiole, and are sometimes deciduous. The leaf blade is variably shaped and may be entire, tooth or lobed. The flowers are borne in leaf axils or on the ends of branches, in spikes or spike-like panicles. The flowers are unisexual, some species monoecious, others dioecious. Male flowers have three to five perianth lobes and three to five stamens. Female flowers are usually lacking a perianth, but are enclosed by two leaf-like bracteoles, have a short style and two stigmas. After flowering, the bracteoles sometimes enlarge, thicken or become appendaged, enclosing the fruit but without adhering to it. The chromosome base number is x = 9, except for Atriplex lanfrancoi, which is x=10. A few Atriplex species are C3-plants, but most species are C4-plants, with a characteristic leaf anatomy, known as kranz anatomy. Atriplex elegans.jpg|Atriplex elegans Atriplex hymenelytra bracts.jpg|Atriplex hymenelytra Starr 050516-1394 Atriplex lentiformis.jpg|Atriplex lentiformis Atriplex nummularia.JPG|Atriplex nummularia Starr 040125-0020 Chenopodium murale.jpg|Atriplex suberecta Atriplex patula (5129939806).jpg|Atriplex patula, female flower with bracteoles and ovule ==Taxonomy==

The genus Atriplex was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum. The genus evolved in Middle Miocene, the C4-photosynthesis pathway developed about 14.1–10.9 million years ago (mya), when the climate became increasingly dry. The genus diversified rapidly and spread over the continents. The C4 Atriplex colonized North America probably from Eurasia during the Middle/Late Miocene, about 9.8–8.8 mya, and later spread to South America. Australia was colonized twice by two C4 lineages, one from Eurasia or America about 9.8–7.8 mya, and one from Central Asia about 6.3–4.8 mya. The last lineage diversified rapidly, and became the ancestor of most Australian Atriplex species. Traditional taxonomy of Atripliceae based on morphological features has been controversial. Molecular studies have found that many genera are not true clades. One such study found that Atripliceae could be divided into two main clades, Archiatriplex, with a few, scattered species, and the larger Atriplex clade, which is highly diverse and found around the world.). This work suggested that the Americas were colonised by C4 Atriplex from Eurasia or Australia. Furthermore, that in the Americas Atriplex first appeared in South America, where two lineages underwent in situ diversification and evolved sympatrically. North America was then colonised by Atriplex from South America, then one lineage later moved back to South America. in Australia • Atriplex codonocarpa P.G. Wilson: in Australia. • Atriplex conduplicata F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frém.) S. Watson – Shadscale (saltbush): in North America. • Atriplex cordobensis Gand. & Stuck.: in South America. • Atriplex deserticola Phil.: in South America. • Atriplex dimorphostegia Kar. & Kir.: in North Africa. • Atriplex eardleyae Aellen: in Australia • Atriplex elachophylla F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex fissivalvis F. Muell.: in Australia • Atriplex flabellum Bunge ex Boiss.: in Eurasia. • Atriplex gardneri (Moq.) D. Dietr. – Gardner's saltbush, moundscale: in North America • Atriplex glauca L.: in Portugal, Spain and in North Africa. • Atriplex halimus L. – Mediterranean saltbush, sea orache, shrubby orache: in south Europe, North Africa and southwest Asia. • Atriplex herzogii Standl.: in North America. • Atriplex holocarpa F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) S. Watson – Desert holly: in North America. • Atriplex hymenotheca Moq.: in Australia. • Atriplex imbricata (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in South America. • Atriplex inamoena Aellen: in Eurasia. • Atriplex intermedia Anderson: in Australia. • Atriplex isatidea Moq.: in Australia. • Atriplex laciniata L. – Frosted orache: In western and northern Europe. • Atriplex lampa (Moq.) Gillies ex Small: in South America. • Atriplex lehmanniana Bunge: in Eurasia. • Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson – Quail bush: in North America. • Atriplex leptocarpa F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex leucoclada Boiss.: in Eurasia. • Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in North America • Atriplex lindleyi Moq.: in Australia. • Atriplex moneta Bunge ex Boiss.: in Eurasia. • Atriplex muelleri Benth.: in Australia. • Atriplex nessorhina S.W.L. Jacobs: in Australia. • Atriplex nummularia Lindl. – Old man saltbush, giant saltbush: in Australia. • Atriplex obovata Moq.: in North America. • Atriplex pamirica Iljin: in Eurasia. • Atriplex parishii S. Watson: in North America • Atriplex parryi S. Watson: in North America • Atriplex parvifolia Kunth: in South America. • Atriplex patagonica (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in South America. • Atriplex phyllostegia (Torr. ex S. Watson) S. Watson: in North America. • Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Watson – Allscale (saltbush), desert saltbush, cattle saltbush, cattle spinach: in North America. • Atriplex powellii S. Watson – Powell's saltbush: in North America. • Atriplex pseudocampanulata Aellen: in Australia. • Atriplex quinii F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex recurva d'Urv.: in Eurasia, endemic to areas around the Aegean. • Atriplex rhagodioides F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex rosea L. – Tumbling orache: in Eurasia and North Africa. • Atriplex rusbyi Britton ex Rusby: in South America. • Atriplex schugnanica Iljin: in Asia. • Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. – Australian saltbush, berry saltbush, creeping saltbush: in Australia. • Atriplex semilunaris Aellen: in Australia. • Atriplex serenana A. Nelson ex Abrams: in North America • Atriplex sibirica L.; in Asia, naturalized in Europe. • Atriplex sphaeromorpha Iljin: in Russia, Ukraine and Caucasus. • Atriplex spinibractea Anderson: in Australia. • Atriplex spongiosa F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex stipitata Benth.: in Australia. • Atriplex sturtii S.W.L. Jacobs: in Australia. • Atriplex suberecta I. Verd. – Sprawling saltbush, lagoon saltbush: in Australia. • Atriplex tatarica Aellen: in Europe, North Africa and Asia. • Atriplex turbinata (Anderson) Aellen: in Australia. • Atriplex undulata (Moq.) D. Dietr.: in South America. • Atriplex velutinella F. Muell.: in Australia. • Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth. – Bladder saltbush: in Australia. == Distribution and habitat ==

The genus Atriplex is distributed nearly worldwide from subtropical to temperate and to subarctic regions. Most species-rich are Australia, North America, South America and Eurasia. Many species are halophytes and are adapted to dry environments with salty soils. == Ecology ==

Atriplex species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species; see the list of Lepidoptera which feed on Atriplex. They are also sometimes consumed by camels. For spiders such as Phidippus californicus and other arthropods, saltbush plants offer opportunities to hide and hunt in habitat that is otherwise often quite barren. It has been proposed that genus Atriplex was a main food source in the diet of the extinct giant kangaroo Procoptodon goliah. == Uses ==

The favored species for human consumption is now usually garden orache (A. hortensis), but many species are edible and the use of Atriplex as food is known since at least the late Epipaleolithic (Mesolithic). Common orache (A. patula) is attested as an archaeophyte in northern Europe, and the Ertebølle culture is presumed to have used it as a food. Its seed has been found among apparent evidence of cereal preparation and cooking at Late Iron Age villages in Britain. Grey saltbush (A. cinerea) has been used as bushfood in Australia since prehistoric times. Chamiso (A. canescens) and shadscale (A. confertifolia) were eaten by Native Americans, and spearscale (A. hastata) was a food in rural Eurasia. Studies on Atriplex species demonstrated their potential use in agriculture. Meat from sheep which have grazed on saltbush has surprisingly high levels of vitamin E, is leaner and more hydrated than regular lamb and has consumer appeal equal to grain-fed lamb. A subsequent study allowed sheep and goats to voluntarily feed on Atriplex halimus and aimed to determine if the saltbush was palatable, and if so, did it provide enough nutrients to supplement the diet of these animals. In this study they determined when goats and sheep are given as much A. halimus as they like, they do obtain enough nutrients to supplement their dietunless the animal requirements are higher during pregnancy and milk production. Saltbushes are also used as an ornamental plant in landscaping and can be used to prevent soil erosion in coastal areas. Old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) has also been successfully used to rehabilitate old mining sites in Australia. Safety Sphaeraphides occur in the leaves, stem, pith and mesophloem. == See also ==