Samul nori

The term samul originally comes from Korean Buddhism, where it referred to four instruments considered essential for ritual use in temples: the wooden fish (), the temple bell (), the dharma drum (), and the bronze gong (). The term nori means "to play" in Korean. In a later interview, Kim Duk-soo (), the founder and artistic director of the group, claimed that the choice to adapt traditional music to indoor venues was due to political circumstances at the time. The late 1970s saw the last years of the rule of South Korean president Park Chung Hee. During that time, large public gatherings were restricted, and Korean traditional music was associated with the student protest movement. Public performers were subject to arrest. in a small theater in Seoul. Initially, samul nori failed to gain acceptance from traditional Korean musicians; among others, South Korean musicologist Alan Heyman questioned the genre's link to traditional local bands. Ethnomusicologist Keith Howard noted, "Older musicians saw in the quartet a challenge to what they knew, hence SamulNori was destined to struggle for acceptance from them." and globally, with the original quartet being invited to perform in Tokyo and at the opening of Disney World Resort’s Epcot Centre in Florida in 1982. In 1984, Kim Yong-bae brought samul nori to the South Korean National Gugak Center. In 1985, the group began touring in Europe. The original samul nori quartet disbanded in 1993, as a result of internal conflicts, burnout, and financial issues. The same year, however, Kim founded a large samul nori orchestra called "Hanullim" (). The orchestra seeks to promote samul nori performance. == Influences ==

The music of samul nori is heavily based on pungmul nori music, particularly the namsadang style. The link to namsadang is because the founders of the genre were heavily based in that style themselves, having come from families and being taught by teachers involved in the genre. For example, Kim Yong-bae's teacher and Kim Duk-soo's father, both practitioners of namsadang, were heavily involved in samul nori's creation. They and several others traveled South Korea and gathered traditional farming melodies for use in samul nori, drawing particular inspiration from the melodies of Gyeonggi Province, Chungcheong Province, the Honam region, and of . They took continual feedback from their research, and gradually incorporated melodies and ideas from them into their set over time. There are, however, several differences between the original pungmul and samul nori. Samul nori is usually performed sitting down, whereas pungmul nori often incorporates dances into their performances. Additionally, while pungmul nori is usually led by the kkwaenggwari player, samul nori instead hinges on the rhythm of the janggu player. The original group also incorporated other types of traditional Korean music, including muak: music of the Korean shamanic rituals called gut. To this end, they collaborated with Korean shamans from around South Korea, and even trained with them in camps in order to learn the music. The concept of dualism, particularly through the lens of yin and yang, is considered important to samul nori. The genre's instruments and their uses are interpreted in various ways using this theme. == Notable repertoire ==

The Yeongnam nongak () composition is often the first piece learned by amateurs, with ethnomusicologist Katherine In-Young Lee describing it as the most accessible. Lee wrote that the piece was "likely the most performed samul nori composition by amateur ensembles within and outside South Korea". The piece adapts and arranges existing pungmul rhythmic patterns from the Yeongnam region in Korea. Yeongnam nongak is generally composed of six distinct rhythmic sections: gilgunak (), bangilunak (), dadeuraegi (), yeongsan dadeuraegi (), yeongyulchae (), byeoldalgeori (), ssangjinpuri (), and maeji (, derived from the verb maetda (), meaning "closure"). During byeoldalgeori, performers shout a chant, one of the few spoken parts in samul nori repertoire. ==References==