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San Quentin Six

The San Quentin Six were six inmates—Fleeta Drumgo, David Johnson, Hugo Pinell, Johnny Spain, Willie Tate, and Luis Talamantez—at California's San Quentin State Prison who were charged with criminal actions related to an August 21, 1971, escape attempt and prison riot. The riot resulted in six deaths and at least two people seriously wounded. Among those killed was George Jackson, a co-founder of the Black Guerrilla Family and a famous author and radical prisoner.

Riot of August 21, 1971
The August 21, 1971 riot at San Quentin involved deadly fighting between two rival gangs, the Black Guerrilla Family and Mexican Mafia, and resulted in fatalities, injuries, and 26 captured prisoners in San Quentin's "Adjustment Center" (the term used for the maximum-security wing reserved for the most difficult prisoners). The other details about what happened that day are still disputed. Inmate Johnny Spain recalled saying there was only one fact people could agree on: "There was a gun introduced into the Adjustment Center on August 21." The main points of contention were: how the gun got into Jackson's hands, the type of gun used, whether the riot was planned or not, and whether it was a diversion to facilitate an escape. Legal advisers and prison officials supplied various narratives as they struggled to explain what happened. According to the state's initial account, attorney Stephen Bingham and a female assistant arrived at San Quentin for a meeting with George Jackson at around 2:00 pm. The assistant handed a briefcase to Bingham when she was not permitted to enter the visiting room. But most evidence suggests the gun was already intact when it was received in the prison. After multiple revisions, authorities identified the gun used as a 9 mm Astra M-600 pistol. Jackson's longtime friend and former Soledad State Prison cellmate James Carr said no such escape notes would be in Jackson's pockets because he knew any escape plotting was tantamount to suicide, and that in fact he had been "in fear of his life for the last couple of years ... he felt the guards were going to kill him." Before his scheduled meeting with Bingham, Jackson was strip searched in the Adjustment Center, then escorted to the visiting room. Luis Talamantez claimed that Adjustment Center lieutenant Richard Nelson had told them, "None of you will ever leave here alive." ==Trial==
Trial
After months of pretrial motions and jury selection, the prosecution, led by District Attorney Jerry Herman, began its opening statement on July 28, 1975. Security in the Marin County Civic Center courtroom was extremely stringent. Throughout the proceedings, all of the San Quentin Six defendants were shackled with chains and leg irons bolted to the courtroom floor, except for Willie Tate who had been paroled in January 1975 and was free on $50,000 bail. The prosecution argued that the riot was part of a conspiracy cooked up by radicals outside San Quentin who wanted Jackson freed. Unbeknownst to him, the gun was inoperable. The expectation was that he and prisoners sympathetic to him (like the San Quentin Six defendants) would attempt an escape, and that a team of sharpshooters would be ready to assassinate Jackson and the others. This scenario was allegedly devised by the Criminal Conspiracy Section of the LAPD. The prosecution countered that the only conspiracy was the work of Jackson's radical associates who sought to help him violently break out of prison. Historian Eric Cummins notes how it was a sign of the times in the mid-1970s—in the wake of the Watergate scandal and FBI COINTELPRO revelations—that the defense attorneys were able to argue with some success that law enforcement agencies had implemented a plan to assassinate a black political prisoner (George Jackson) and, in the process, had brought false charges against six other inmates. While the argument was not fully vindicated by the jury's verdicts, the trial of the San Quentin Six contributed to public distrust toward the state attorney general's office, the LAPD, and corrections officials. In an oft-cited quotation, author James Baldwin said, "No black person will ever believe that George Jackson died the way they tell us he did." ==San Quentin Six==
San Quentin Six
Fleeta Drumgo Fleeta Drumgo (1945 – November 26, 1979) was born to Inez Williams in Shreveport, Louisiana. According to the Daily Review (Hayward, California), Drumgo moved to Los Angeles with his mother at the age of three. His childhood was difficult, and he had been in and out of juvenile detention homes since the age of 13. According to Fania Davis Jordan, sister of activist Angela Davis, Drumgo moved to Los Angeles at the age of 14 and got crosswise with the justice system. He was placed in the Preston School of Industry. After his release, he was arrested in a new incident, for attempted murder. He was convicted and sentenced to the Deuel Vocational Institution near Tracy, California. According to court documents, Drumgo initially admitted his involvement in the break-in after officers found him at the address of the registration of the getaway car used by his accomplice. In early 1967, he was convicted of first degree burglary after waiving a jury trial. He was referred to the California Youth Authority, but they ruled that he was "not capable of reformation under their discipline". Jackson, Drumgo, and Clutchette were among the Soledad Brothers indicted for the 1970 killing of a correctional officer at Soledad State Prison. The trio gained national notoriety about this case after Jackson published his memoir Soledad Brother (1970). They were acquitted at trial in 1972. Twice charged and acquitted for the murder of prison guards, Drumgo was released from prison in August 1976. He had served nine years for the burglary charge. Collier and Horowitz wrote: "[Drumgo] was a member of the Black Guerrilla Family, that he had known of the BGF's plans to shoot Fay two weeks before the event and that he was willing to sell information. He reappeared on several occasions, sometimes wearing a gun in his belt, and named a former prisonmate of Brooks as head of the BGF and the man who had ordered the shooting." At his funeral, Drumgo was eulogized by Angela Davis as a "communist martyr". David Johnson David Johnson (born circa 1947) was serving a sentence for burglary of five years to life when the escape attempt occurred. Hugo Pinell Hugo Pinell was born March 10, 1945, in Nicaragua. His family immigrated to the US. He died in prison at age 70, after being stabbed on August 12, 2015, by two other inmates (members of the Aryan Brotherhood) at New Folsom Prison. In 1965, Pinell was convicted of rape in San Francisco, sentenced to life imprisonment, and assigned to San Quentin State Prison. In 1968, he was convicted of attacking a guard and transferred to Folsom State Prison. Pinell was reported by a San Quentin spokesman to have been subdued by guards on March 26, 1975, after he stabbed his defense attorney, Lynn Carman, during a conference at the prison. Carman denied having been stabbed or wounded, and declined additional comment on the matter. One witness to the incident reported that Carman was left bleeding from the mouth. Because of his repeated assaults on officers, he had been kept in solitary confinement for almost 45 years. He was returned to the general population two weeks before he was killed. Johnny Spain Johnny Larry Spain was born July 30, 1949, in Jackson, Mississippi, to Ann Armstrong, a white woman, and Arthur Cummings, a black man, from their extra-marital affair. He was originally named Larry Michael Armstrong, using the surname of his mother's husband, Fred Armstrong, a beer truck driver. While making a delivery to a nightclub in Utica, Mississippi, Fred Armstrong asked the black owner if she would adopt his six-year-old mixed-race boy. The woman said she could not, but contacted her husband's cousin in California, who agreed to do so. At the age of six, Spain was adopted by Johnny and Helen Spain in Los Angeles, and was renamed Johnny Larry Spain. At the time of the escape attempt at San Quentin, Spain was serving a life sentence for robbery homicide. At 17, he had killed a robbery victim who resisted. On August 12, 1976, Spain was convicted of two counts of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder in the deaths of guards Frank DeLeon and Jere P. Graham. He was the only one of the Six convicted of murder. The conviction was overturned on appeal by federal judge Thelton Henderson, because Spain had been shackled with 25-pound chains throughout the proceedings, which could have biased the jury against him. After his conviction was overturned for murdering the two San Quentin guards, Spain continued to serve time at Vacaville for his prior robbery-homicide conviction. He was paroled in 1988 after serving a total of 21 years. Luis Talamantez Luis Talamantez was born circa 1943. In February 1966, he was convicted of armed robbery in Los Angeles. According to the San Francisco Bay Guardian, Tate was picked up as a runaway at the age of 14 and served 10 years in prison for "minor offenses". On April 26, 1977, Tate was critically wounded after being shot by Earl Satcher, the leader of a group of ex-convicts called Tribal Thumb. In 1985, Tate was reported to be a "fugitive on a Fresno drug warrant". ==References==
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