The period of fragmentation of Poland began in 1138, after the
Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty. According to the testament, Duke
Henry of Sandomierz was granted the
Land of Sandomierz. Since the duke was too young, the newly created province was temporarily ruled by
High Duke Władysław II the Exile. In 1146, after another conflict with the junior dukes, Wladyslaw II was forced to flee abroad, and the Duchy of Sandomierz was transferred to Henry. Henry died in 1166, killed by the
Old Prussians. Since he was childless and had no wife, part of his province, with Wislica, was inherited by his youngest brother,
Casimir II the Just, while Sandomierz was seized by
Bolesław IV the Curly. The province remained divided until 1173, when Casimir II the Just reunited it. Casimir II died in 1194, and the Duchy of Sandomierz was inherited by
Leszek I the White, and his younger brother,
Konrad I of Masovia. In c. 1200 the brothers divided their properties, with Konrad receiving
Mazovia and
Kujawy, while Leszek remained in Sandomierz. In 1205, the two brothers united their forces, defeating
Roman the Great in the
Battle of Zawichost. In the 13th century, the Duchy of Sandomierz was several times
raided by the Mongol hordes (see, e.g.,
Sack of Sandomierz (1241) and
Sack of Sandomierz (1260)). In the late 1280s, Duke
Władysław I the Elbow-high took control over Sandomierz, but in 1292, he was forced by
Wenceslaus II of Bohemia to abandon the province. In 1304, Lokietek returned, capturing Wislica, and after the death of Wenceslaus (1305), he seized the whole province. During the reign of Lokietek, the Duchy of Sandomierz was turned into
Sandomierz Voivodeship. The Duchy of Sandomierz had twelve
castellanies, located in the following towns: Łuków, Lublin,
Sieciechów, Radom,
Skrzynno,
Żarnów,
Małogoszcz,
Czchów, Wislica,
Połaniec,
Zawichost and Sandomierz. == The Dukes of Sandomierz ==