Sarah Jane Baines

Sarah Jane Baines was born in Birmingham, England, in 1866 to Sarah Ann (née Hunt) and James Edward Hunt, a gun maker. at the age of eleven. At age fourteen, Baines joined her parents in working with the Salvation Army. Upon attaining the rank of lieutenant at age twenty, she was sent to work as an evangelist in an independent working men's mission in Bolton. three of whom survived childhood. the feeding of school children committee and the unemployed committee. == Campaigning for women's suffrage ==

In October 1905, Baines read about the arrest of suffragists Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst for assault and this motivated her to join the Women's Social and Political Union. and another in her wheelchair [May Billinghurst perhaps] The protest was witnessed by Annie Barnes who was inspired to join the East London Federation and influenced by Sylvia Pankhurst. On the way to Holloway prison the women arrested had shouted and sung protests and demanded to be treated in 'first division' in their own clothes as 'political' prisoners rather than criminals, this was not granted and the women broke 150 panes of glass at the prison and refused to give their names, prison officers had to use 'force necessary' to get the women into prison clothes. In Liverpool, in 1910, Baines was making speeches with Ada Flatman and Patricia Woodlock, when she was interrupted by Constance Lytton disguised as 'Jane Wharton' a seamstress asking 'the men and women of Liverpool to be the first to wipe out the stain [of force-feeding]' and a crowd followed them to the prison Governor John Dillon's house, chased by police. In July 1912, Baines was part of an attempt, under the name 'Lizzie Baker' along with Gladys Evans and Mary Leigh and Mabel Capper, to burn down the Theatre Royal in Dublin the night before a scheduled visit from then Prime Minister, H.H. Asquith, to speak on Home Rule. For this Baines was sentenced to seven months hard labour and Central Bridewell prison, Dublin. Joining her fellow suffragette prisoners on hunger strike, she was released after five days. . The next year, on 8 July 1913, with her husband George and son Wilfred, Baines was accused of attempting to bomb first-class railway carriages at a Lancashire and Yorkshire railway siding, and leaving suffragist material, near where they lived in Manchester. A bomb, loaded revolver, masks and cutting tools and two catapults were found at their premises. As a result, her husband and son were charged with malicious damage and not imprisoned, but Baines was re-arrested under the 'Cat and Mouse act' and imprisoned at Holloway Prison. She again went on hunger strike, refusing food and water, and was released in a 'very serious condition'. Baines suffered from chorea ("St Vitus' Dance") causing spasms brought on by emotional stress, making it almost impossible to force-feed her. Baines had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour'. In May 1913 another arrest for obstruction during a meeting in Hyde Park, and a month sentence led WSPU leaders to determine that her health could not endure another stint in prison, so Baines and her family were smuggled into Wales as the 'Evans' family and set sail aboard The Ballarat, bound for Australia, before their trial (as a family) was due in November 1913. The trial went ahead and acquitted George and Wilfred Baines. WSPU saw this migration as a reward for all Baines had done, as Australia had achieved the female federal vote in 1902. == Later life in Australia ==

After being smuggled out of England, Baines arrived in Melbourne, Australia in December 1913, aged 47. Adele Pankhurst would later arrive in 1914. Upon settling in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy, the Baines family joined the Victorian Socialist Party and the Labour Party while Sarah busied herself working with the Women's Political Association as early as January 1914 and co-founded the Women's Peace Army. With Adele Pankhurst, Baines campaigned against World War I conscription in 1916-1917 and against the spiralling cost of living, as profiteering. Both were sentenced to nine months imprisonment but both were freed on appeal on a legal technicality. Baines was again jailed in March 1919 for flying the prohibited red flag on the Yarra Bank and became the first prisoner in Australia to undergo hunger strike. A special Federal Cabinet meeting was held and her release after four days starving was secured on the advice of the Attorney-General. In 1920, Baines helped establish the Communist Party in Victoria. Five years later, she would be expelled and this saw her rejoin the Labour Party. In 1926, the family relocated to Port Melbourne and Baines was appointed special magistrate to the Children's Court there from 1928 to 1948. == Death and legacy ==

Although her post Second World War activities were curtailed by her failing sight, Sarah Jane Baines continued her "fiery eloquence on the hustings" until her death from cancer, only giving up public speaking a few months before she died on 20 February 1951 in Port Melbourne. Survived by her husband and her three children, Baines's legacy could perhaps be summed up in her own words: 'To fight for that which is better and nobler in this world is to live in the highest sense, but to submit and tolerate the evils which exist is to merely vegetate in the sewers of iniquity'. Jennie Baines quoted in The Socialist, 11 April 1919. == See also ==