Early years Mercadante was born out of wedlock in
Altamura, near
Bari in
Apulia; his precise date of birth has not been recorded, but he was baptised on 17 September 1795. Mercadante studied flute, violin and composition at the conservatory in
Naples, and organized concerts among his compatriots. The opera composer
Gioachino Rossini said to the conservatory Director,
Niccolo Zingarelli, "My compliments, Maestro – your young pupil Mercadante begins where we finish". an ascendancy which did not end until censorship problems with the latter's
Poliuto caused a final break. But Mercadante's style began to shift with the presentation of
I Normanni a Parigi at the
Teatro Regio in Turin in 1832: "It was with this score that Mercadante entered on the process of development in his musical dramaturgy which, in some aspects, actually presaged the arrival of Verdi, when he launched, from 1837 on, into master works of his artistic maturity: the so-called "reform operas". In the period after 1831 he composed some of his most important works. These included
Il giuramento which was premiered at
La Scala on 11 March 1837. One striking and innovative characteristic of this opera has been noted: ..it marks the first successful attempt in an Italian opera premiered in Italy of depriving the prima donna, or some other star singer, of her until-then inalienable right of having the stage to herself at the end. By doing this, Mercadante sounded what was to be the death knell of the age of bel canto. Early in following year, while composing
Elena da Feltre (which premiered in January 1839), Mercadante wrote to
Francesco Florimo, laying out his ideas about how opera should be structured, following the "revolution" begun in his previous opera: I have continued the revolution I began in
Il giuramento: varied forms, cabalettas banished, crescendos out, vocal lines simplified, fewer repeats, more originality in the cadences, proper regard paid to the drama, orchestration rich but not so as to swamp the voices, no long solos in the ensembles (they only force the other parts to stand idle to the detriment of the action), not much bass drum, and a lot less brass band. Throughout his life he generated more instrumental works than most of his contemporary composers of operas due to his lifelong preoccupation with
orchestration, and, from 1840, his position as the Director of the Naples conservatory for the last thirty years of his life. From 1863 he was almost totally blind and dictated all his compositions. In the decades after his death in Naples in 1870, his output was largely forgotten, but it has been occasionally revived and recorded since
World War II, although it has yet to achieve anything like the present-day popularity of the most famous compositions by his slightly younger contemporaries: see
Donizetti's compositions and
Bellini's compositions. The French soloist
Jean-Pierre Rampal notably recorded several Mercadante concertos for flute and string orchestra, including the grand and romantic E minor concerto, which has since gained some popularity among concert flautists. ==Operas==