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Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

The Curtiss SB2C Helldiver was a dive bomber developed by Curtiss-Wright during World War II. As a carrier-based bomber with the United States Navy (USN), in Pacific theaters, it supplemented and replaced the Douglas SBD Dauntless. A few survivors are extant.

Design and development
The Helldiver was developed to replace the Douglas SBD Dauntless. It was a much larger aircraft, able to operate from the latest aircraft carriers and carry a considerable array of armament. Despite this, the Navy also required two aircraft to fit onto an Essex-class carrier's elevators, requiring an exceptionally short airplane. It featured an internal bomb bay that reduced drag when carrying heavy ordnance. The Navy's requirements led to a plane with the contradictory requirements of being larger than any other carrier aircraft on the inside while being sharply size-restricted on the outside. Saddled with demanding requirements set forth by both the U.S. Marines and United States Army Air Forces, the manufacturer incorporated features of a "multirole" aircraft into the design. The Model XSB2C-1 prototype initially suffered development issues connected to its Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone engine and three-bladed propeller; further concerns included structural weaknesses, poor handling, directional instability, and bad stall characteristics. In 1939, a student took a model of the new Curtiss XSB2C-1 to the MIT wind tunnel. Professor of Aeronautical Engineering Otto C. Koppen was quoted as saying, "if they build more than one of these, they are crazy". He was referring to controllability issues with the small vertical tail. The first prototype made its maiden flight on 18 December 1940. It crashed on 8 February 1941 when its engine failed on approach, but Curtiss was asked to rebuild it. The fuselage was lengthened and a larger tail was fitted, while an autopilot was fitted to help the poor stability. The revised prototype flew again on 20 October 1941, but was destroyed when its wing failed during diving tests on 21 December 1941. Large-scale production had already been ordered on 29 November 1940, but a large number of modifications were specified for the production model. Fin and rudder area were increased, fuel capacity was increased, self-sealing fuel tanks were added, and the fixed armament was doubled to four 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the wings, compared with the prototype's two cowling guns. The SB2C-1 was built with larger fuel tanks, improving its range considerably. The program suffered so many delays that the Grumman TBF Avenger entered service before the Helldiver, though the Avenger had begun its development two years later. Nevertheless, production tempo accelerated with production at Columbus, Ohio, and two Canadian factories: Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. (Canada), which produced 300 (under the designations XSBF-l, SBF-l, SBF-3, and SBF-4E), and Canadian Car and Foundry, which built 894 (designated SBW-l, SBW-3, SBW-4, SBW-4E, and SBW-5), these models being respectively equivalent to their Curtiss-built counterparts. A total of 7,140 SB2Cs and equivalent models were produced in World War II. ==Operational history==
Operational history
US Navy The U.S. Navy would not accept the SB2C until 880 modifications The SB2C-1 could deploy slats mechanically linked with landing gear actuators, that extended from the outer third of the wing leading edge to aid lateral control at low speeds. The early prognosis of the "Beast" was unfavourable; it was strongly disliked by aircrews due to its size, weight, and reduced range compared to the SBD it replaced. In the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 45 Helldivers, most of which had been launched from extreme range, were lost when they ran out of fuel while returning to their carriers. Among its major faults, the Helldiver was underpowered, had a shorter range than the SBD, was equipped with an unreliable electrical system, and its manufacturing quality control was often poor. The Curtiss-Electric propeller and the complex hydraulic system had frequent maintenance problems. One of the faults of the aircraft throughout its operational life was poor longitudinal stability, resulting from a fuselage that was too short due to the necessity of fitting onto aircraft carrier elevators. The solution to these problems began with the introduction of the SB2C-3 beginning in 1944, which used the R-2600-20 Twin Cyclone engine with and Curtiss' four-bladed propeller. This substantially solved the chronic lack of power that had plagued the aircraft. The Helldiver, however, could still deliver ordnance with more precision against specific targets and its two-seat configuration permitted a second set of eyes. The Helldiver also had a significant advantage in range over a fighter, while carrying a bombload, which is crucial in naval operations. The advent of air-to-ground rockets ensured that the SB2C was the last purpose-built dive bomber produced. The first 10 aircraft had folding wings, while the remainder of the production order omitted this feature. Many other changes distinguished the A-25A, including larger main wheels, a pneumatic tailwheel, ring and bead gunsight, longer exhaust stubs, and other Army-specified radio equipment. By late 1943, when the A-25A was being introduced, the USAAF no longer had a role for the dive bomber, as fighter aircraft such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt had shown their ability to carry out tactical air-support missions with great success. The USAAF transferred 410 Helldivers to the US Marines. The A-standard 25As were converted to the USMC variant, SB2C-1A and one squadron, VMSB-151, based on Enjebi (or Engebi/Enjibe; part of Enewetak Atoll) conducted bombing missions on bypassed Japanese strongpoints nearby. Otherwise, the SB2C-1A variant never saw combat and was used primarily as a trainer and target tug. These aircraft were paid for by the US government as Lend Lease aid. By November 1943, when the first shipment of 10 Shrikes arrived in Australia, the RAAF had decided that dive bombing was an outmoded tactic. Vultee Vengeance dive bombers, which were already in service with the RAAF, were being replaced by light bombers. As a result, the order for the remaining 140 Shrikes was cancelled. A69-4 was assigned to No. 1 Air Performance Unit, for performance testing, between December 1943 and April 1944. The RAAF and US Fifth Air Force already operated a joint pool of aircraft types common to both services in the South West Pacific theatre and, by mid-January 1944, the other nine Shrikes had been transferred to USAAF units. Greek service American aid provided the Royal Hellenic Air Force with 48 Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldivers from surplus U.S. Navy stocks. The aircraft were delivered by the aircraft carrier USS Sicily (CVE-118) in the spring of 1949. From the 48 aircraft, 6 were used for ground instruction or spare parts and 42 were given to 336th Fighter Squadron (336 Μοίρα Διώξεως) to replace Supermarine Spitfires and the squadron's name was changed to 336th Bomber Squadron (336 Μοίρα Βομβαρδισμού). Greek SB2C-5 Helldivers had minor changes for their COIN operations; the hard rubber tailwheel (for carrier use) was replaced by a bigger pneumatic tire for use on landing strips, and the rear gunner station and its twin machine guns were deleted, as no aerial opposition existed and weight reduction was used for bombs and extra machine guns. Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldivers, Supermarine Spitfires, and North American T-6D/Gs were used in ground-attack missions against Communist ground forces, camps, and transports during the last stages of the Greek Civil War. Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldivers saw a relatively brief combat service and were gradually phased out by 1953. French service Between 1949 and 1954, France bought 110 SB2C-5 Helldiver aircraft to replace their aging SBD-5 Dauntless that had been flying in combat in Vietnam. The French Aeronavale flew the Helldiver from 1951 to 1958. Some of these aircraft were allotted to flottilles 3F and 9F stationed on board the carriers Arromanches, Bois Belleau, and La Fayette, during the First Indochina War. The Helldivers were used to support French troops on the ground during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. ==Variants==
Variants
;XSB2C-1 :Prototype powered by a 1,700 hp (1,268 kW) R-2600-8 engine ;SB2C-1 :Production version for United States Navy with four 0.50 in (12.7 mm) wing guns and one 0.30 in (7.62 mm) dorsal gun, 200 built. ;SB2C-1A :Original designation for United States Army Air Corps version which became A-25A later used for 410 A-25As transferred to the United States Marine Corps. ;SB2C-1C :SB2C-1 with two 20 mm (0.79 in) wing-mounted cannons and hydraulically operated flaps, 778 built. First to see combat. ;XSB2C-2 :One SB2C-1 fitted with twin floats in 1942. ;SB2C-2 :Production float plane version, 287 cancelled and not built. ;XSB2C-3 :One SB2C-1 re-engined with a 1,900 hp (1,417 kW) R-2600-20. ;SB2C-3 :As SB2C-1c re-engined with a 1,900 hp (1,417 kW) R-2600-20 and four-bladed propeller, 1,112 built. ;SB2C-3E :SB2C-3s fitted with APS-4 radar. ;SB2C-4 :SB2C-1c but fitted with wing racks for eight 5 in (127 mm) rockets or 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs, 2,045 built. ;SB2C-4E :SB2C-4s fitted with APS-4 radar. ;XSB2C-5 :Two SB2C-4s converted as prototypes for -5 variant. ;SB2C-5 :SB2C-4 with increased fuel capacity, frameless sliding canopy, tailhook fixed in extended position, and deletion of the ASB radar, 970 built (2,500 cancelled). ;XSB2C-6 :Two SB2C-1Cs fitted with 2,100 hp (1,566 kW) R-2600-22 engine and increased fuel capacity. ;SBF-1 :Canadian built version of the SB2C-1, 50 built by Fairchild-Canada ;SBF-3 :Canadian built version of the SB2C-3, 150 built by Fairchild-Canada. ;SBF-4E :Canadian built version of the SB2C-4E, 100 built by Fairchild-Canada. ;SBW-1 :Canadian built version of the SB2C-1, 38 built by Canadian Car & Foundry company. ;SBW-1B :Canadian built version for lend-lease to the Royal Navy as the Helldiver I, 28 aircraft built by Canadian Car & Foundry company. ;SBW-3 :Canadian built version of the SB2C-3, 413 built by Canadian Car & Foundry company. ;SBW-4E :Canadian built version of the SB2C-4E, 270 built by Canadian Car & Foundry company. ;SBW-5 :Canadian-built version of the SB2C-5, 85 built (165 cancelled) by the Canadian Car & Foundry company. ;A-25A Shrike :United States Army Air Corps version without arrester gear or folding wings and equipment changed, 900 built ;Helldiver I :Royal Navy designation for 28 Canadian-built SBW-1Bs ;B.J.3 :() Royal Thai Air Force designation of the SB2C-5. ==Operators==
Operators
; • Royal Australian Air Force ; • French Navy Aviation Navale ; • Royal Hellenic Air Force ; • Italian Air Force operated 42 aircraft from 1950 until 1959 ; • Portuguese Navy (until 1952) • Portuguese Air Force (after 1952) ; • Royal Thai Air Force ; • Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm ; • United States Army Air ForcesUnited States Marine CorpsUnited States Navy ==Surviving aircraft==
Surviving aircraft
NOTE: All surviving aircraft identified by original US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) Bureau Numbers (BuNo). Greece ;On display ;;SB2C-5 • 83321 - Hellenic Air Force Museum, Decelea Air Base. Thailand ;On display ;;SB2C-5 • 83410 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base, Bangkok. United States ;Airworthy ;;A-25A Shrike/SB2C-1A • 75552 - based at the National Museum of World War II Aviation in Colorado Springs, Colorado. ;;SB2C-5 • 83393 - based at the Fagen Fighters WWII Museum in Granite Falls, Minnesota. • 83589 - based at the Commemorative Air Force (West Texas Wing) in Houston, Texas. This late-production Helldiver, built in 1945, makes frequent airshow appearances. In 1982, it experienced engine failure and a hard emergency landing that caused extensive damage; volunteers of the CAF put in thousands of hours and spent in excess of $200,000 to restore the aircraft to flying condition once more. ;On display ;;SB2C-5 • 83479 - Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia. ;Under restoration or in storage ;;A-25A Shrike/SB2C-1A • 76805 - in storage at the USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California. ;;SB2C-3 • 19075 - to airworthiness at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California ;;SB2C-4 • 19866 - to display at the USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California. It crashed on 28 May 1945 in Lower Otay Reservoir, near San Diego, California after engine failure during a training exercise. Both pilot E.D. Frazer and his passenger escaped uninjured, but the Helldiver sank in 90 ft. of water. The aircraft was discovered in February 2010 by a fisherman and recovered on 20 August 2010 for restoration. ;Wrecks • A SB2C-4E Helldiver belonging to the United States Navy crashed and burned in foul weather on 9 October 1945, while en route from New Cumberland, Pennsylvania to its base at Naval Air Station Grosse Ile, Michigan after participating in Nimitz Day celebrations held in Washington, D.C. Pilot Frank Campbell and gunner George Cohlmia, both World War II veterans, were killed in the crash. The remains of the plane are still located at the crash site on Laurel Hill in Ligonier Township, Pennsylvania, three miles southeast of the village of Waterford. • 18400 - In January 2010, a scuba diver discovered a SB2C-1C Helldiver that was ditched in Maalaea Bay off South Maui in August 1944. The Helldiver was covered in coral and was missing its tail section. The aircraft experienced problems with its empennage after dive bombing maneuvers which forced pilot Lieutenant William Dill to ditch. It lies in 50 ft of water facing east. The site, which is protected under state and federal law, is in the process of being marked with a plaque by the U.S. Navy. A mooring may be installed at a later point in time to facilitate dives on the site. • On 19 December 2011 scuba divers discovered an SB2C Helldiver off the coast of Jupiter, Florida. The aircraft was mostly intact and was found inverted with the landing gear retracted. In May 2012, the US Navy conducted a survey of the aircraft, recovering a data plate from the horizontal stabilizer. The Naval History and Heritage Command's Underwater Archaeology Branch were attempting to determine if the numbers stamped on the data plate were readable to identify the aircraft. ;;SB2C-5 • 83414 - On 25 March 2010, the Oregon State Police, Tillamook County Sheriff's Office, and the United States Navy announced that during a logging operation near Rockaway Beach, Oregon, the wreck of an SB2C Helldiver was located. The wreckage was determined to be the remains of a 31 March 1948 crash. The plane had taken off from NAS Tillamook with a destination of Corpus Christie, Texas and the cause of the crash is unknown. The crash killed the pilot, Robert Smedley, whose remains were recovered shortly after the original crash. The remains of the aircraft are displayed at the Tillamook Air Museum as of 2025. ==Specifications (SB2C-4 Helldiver)==
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