SBB Be 3/5

In November 1913 the executive board of the Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen (Swiss Federal Railways) (SBB) decided to electrify the Gotthardbahn (Gotthard railway) from Erstfeld to Biasca, but this was not effected immediately. The main impetus was the coal shortage caused by World War One. Due to a lack of fuel, the SBB had to reduce schedules more and more and, by autumn 1918, on Sundays only milk trains were running. Following the conflict, the SBB electrified, along with other important lines, the Gotthard railway line, completing this in 1920. To serve those lines the SBB urgently needed passenger and freight locomotives. == Requirement specifications ==

The SBB required locomotives from the industry which complied with these requirements: • A weight per running meter of at most 7 t/m • A maximum axle load of , and later – after the infrastructure had been adapted – • Haulage of towed load of at a gradient of 26 ‰ (2.6%) with • Reliable run-up with this load at a gradient of 26 ‰ (2.6%) and acceleration to within 4 minutes • Two outward and return journeys Arth-Goldau – Chiasso within 28 hours () • Electrical brake to decelerate the locomotive on slopes • Overload of 20% during 15 minutes without damages == Commissioning and proposal ==

Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon (MFO) was commissioned to design and construct a freight locomotive that met these requirements and was given great freedom in their design. At it transpired, the locomotive from MFO did not comply with the requirements specifications at all. Nevertheless, the SBB took over the locomotive. == Technical details ==

The mechanical part Running gear The running gear consisted of three drive-axles mounted in the locomotive frame. The center drive-axle had a side-play of 2× . The two idle-axles were mounted in Bissel trucks which were fixed to the frame. Those axles had a side-play of 2× . Transmission of tractive force The tractive force was transmitted from the drive-axles to the frame. From there the force was carried over to the towing hook and the buffers. Drive The two motors were mounted in half height in the locomotive frame. Those two motors drove big cogwheels over sprockets spring-loaded on both sides. Each of those big cogwheels drove a jackshaft. The two jackshafts drove a shared slit coupling rod which drove – over a vertical crosshead – the crank pin of the center drive-axle. Side rods connected to the slit coupling rod transmitted the force to the outer drive-wheels. This drive concept was later used by the Ae 3/6II. Locomotive body The locomotive body consisted of a frame built up with thick steel plates. On this frame the body was mounted with a cab at each end. The towing hook and the buffers were fixed to an abutment beam which was mounted to the frame. The electrical part Primary circuit The electrical part was – in its arrangement – taken over from the Be 5/7 of the BLS. It consisted of a diamond-shaped pantograph, a circuit breaker for isolating the respective pantograph, lightning protection inductor and one more circuit breaker for isolating one half of the locomotive. All those components were mounted on the roof. The oil operated main switch was located in the locomotive body. The locomotive driver operated the switch via electric valves located in both cabs. It was also possible to operate the switch mechanically using a rod system. Finally it was possible to operate the main switch directly by using a wrench. The two transformers were – unusually for the SBB – air ventilated. The design was the same as the Be 5/7 of the BLS. The switches were fixed to the transformers. The connection to the respective voltage steps was executed with contact camshafts. The switching process was started with special spark-extinguishing camshafts. The step switch used compressed air and had 12 steps. Since the two switches were operated alternatively, this meant that 23 steps were required which meant that the switching time was very slow. To operate the step switches, the locomotive driver had to turn a vertical crank handle once for each step. It was possible to shut off power by running down both step switches with a special handle. The electropneumatical reverse switches were attached on the motors. A group switch was mounted by them which had to execute the following actions in case of a failure: • Separation of one transformer with its respective motor → Full speed, but only half tractive force • Separation of one transformer and feeding the two motors from the other one → Only half speed, but full tractive force In 1929 the delicate step switches were replaced by two hopper switches. The old controllers were at the same time exchanged to normal controllers with horizontal hand wheels. Auxiliary systems The locomotive consisted of the following 100 V operated auxiliary systems: • two compressors • three fan groups (two for the transformers and one for the engine rooming) • Motor-generator for charging the batteries for control power and lighting • cab heating The two old compressors were upgraded later to a modern MFO-compressor, which ran with the later auxiliary systems voltage of 220 V. The train heating system was fed over a separate oil propulsed main switch with 1000 V. This installation was later replaced by a separate heating transformer. The oil powered main switch was replaced by a heating hopper. Electrical brake The SBB requirement requested an electrical brake. This brake was shown in the blueprints but only in dashed lines and therefore not mounted in the locomotive. This brake was never upgraded because this "stopgap" locomotive was never used for services on the Gotthard railway line. Multiple-unit control The locomotive was equipped with multiple-unit control. The idea behind this was to lead a 425 t-train on the adjacent lines with low gradient using a Be 4/6 and then boosting it up for the steep gradients at the gotthard railway line using a Be 3/5. The idea of operating the train with one locomotive driver on the leading locomotive was definitely plausible. But the problem was, that for driving back the locomotive to the starting point another locomotive driver was needed. It is unknown if the multiple-unit control ever was tested. == Operational history ==

The locomotive was delivered at 16 April 1919. She was assigned – as were all the test locomotives – to the Bern depot. From Bern the machine pulled trains of all types up to Spiez. In the year of delivery, it travelled a remarkable 65,000 km. But that was a performance the Be 3/5 never achieved again. By 1923 the locomotive was assigned to the Zürich depot, pulling commuter trains and travelling approximately 10,000–20,000 km per year. In March 1928 she was relocated to the Luzern depot. There she replaced the Be 2/5 11001 operating from Zug in the triangle Zug – Lucerne – Arth-Goldau with any kind of trains. Up to 1934 the maintenance shop of Zurich was responsible for the care of the locomotive. Later the responsibility went over to the maintenance shop of Yverdon. This shop warned the Traction and Maintenance Department of the SBB in Bern 1942 that the commutators of the motors were almost fully worn. In the same time Yverdon remarked that a replacement of the winding of the transformers was necessary. Since the locomotive did not require a very extensive maintenance effort compared with other locomotives the Lucerne depot did not consider the call as dramatic. In September 1950 the commutators had to be replaced in a very costly repair during which a screw fell into the gear which led to such damage that the Yverdon shops requested the locomotive be retired in 1957. Bern, however, again ordered the locomotive repaired, which it was, although it needed more repair when a transformer burned in 1958. Even after a collision at 13 August 1959 in Rotkreuz the Be 3/5 was not discarded. The locomotive was then equipped as heating locomotive to heat up coaches before their use and retired from line and switching services. From 1963 the Be 3/5 was used as an auxiliary car locomotive, heating locomotive, depot transformer and compressed-air donor. In 1968 it was equipped with cross-ties and was used as a dummy-object for the rerailing crew of the Lausanne depot. In November 1973 the locomotive was scrapped in Yverdon. == References ==