Early history The name of the gorge is from
Rumantsch 'stairs, steps', recorded in German as in 1420. It formed the upper limit of
Alemannic settlement in the Alps prior to the
12th century, and the border between the bishoprics of
Constance and
Raetia Curensis. The gorge appears to have been passable by a difficult footpath by the mid-12th century. This path was forced to avoid the southern part of the gorge, taking a steep ascent from , climbing above 1,800 m before descending to
Hospental via . The eponymous presumably referred to steps hewn into the rock to facilitate the ascent. The gorge was first opened up as a
bridle path with the construction of a wooden bridge in c. 1230 (before 1234). This was of great strategic importance because it opened the
Gotthard Pass, with historical consequences both
regionally and to the
Italian politics of the
Holy Roman Empire. The original bridle path across Schöllenen was realised by means of a wooden ledge attached to the rock wall, known as , and a wooden bridge across the gorge, recorded as 'spray bridge' in 1306. The (from 'across, athwart') rested on beams laid across the gorge. A tradition imagining it as supported by hanging chains developed only after its collapse in the 18th century. The technology associated with the construction of the is attributed to the
Walser, who are known to have begun settlement in Urseren still in the 12th century. 16th-century historiography attributes the construction of the bridge to one
Heini (Heinrich), blacksmith in
Göschenen.
Robert Schedler published a
historical novel surrounding the construction of the Schöllenen bridle path, , in 1919.
Devil's Bridge legend 's of 1712, showing the holy man preventing the Devil from hurling the rock (illustration by Johann Melchior Füssli). In
Early Modern Switzerland, a legend developed which attributed the construction of the bridge to the
Devil. This is a motif attached to numerous old bridges in Europe (see
Devil's Bridge for a comparative account). The name ("Devil's Bridge", modern German: ) is first recorded in 1587. The legend is related by
Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1716). According to Scheuchzer, he was told a local legend according to which the people of Uri recruited the Devil for the difficult task of building the bridge. The Devil requested to receive the first thing to pass the bridge in exchange for his help. To trick the Devil, who expected to receive the soul of the first man to pass the bridge, the people of Uri sent across a dog by throwing a piece of bread, and the dog was promptly torn to pieces by the Devil. Enraged at having been tricked the Devil went to fetch a large rock to smash the bridge, but, carrying the rock back to the bridge, he came across a holy man who "scolded him" () and forced him to drop the rock, which could still be seen on the path below Göschenen. A modern retelling was published by Meinrad Lienert, (1915). According to Lienert's version, a goat was sent across the bridge instead of a dog, and instead of the holy man, the Devil, when he was taking a break exhausted from carrying the rock, came across an old woman who marked the rock with a cross, forcing the Devil to abandon it and flee. The legend does not appear to have existed before the 16th century, and its origin in local tradition is uncertain. Lauf-Belart (1924) surmised that the name was originally due to an erroneous interpretation by learned travellers, which only in the 17th century gave rise to the local legend involving the Devil. The Devil's Stone () is a large block of granite near
Göschenen, with a height of c. 12 m and a mass of c. 2200 tons. In 1887, it was sold to the for 80 francs. Painted yellow, it now served as an advertisement for chocolate. In 1923, there were plans to demolish it, but it was preserved on the initiative of Max Oechslin, president of . In 1970, the Devil's Stone was again scheduled for destruction, to make way for the
N2 motorway. This time, there was a broad movement to preserve it, and in 1971, federal authorities agreed to move the stone, with projected costs of 250,000 francs (of which the canton of Uri was to contribute 7,000). This led to a popular campaign opposing the plan because the cost was seen as excessive. The liberal newspaper
Gotthard-Post proposed to spend the money on the construction of a retirement home instead, collecting 1,000 signatures in support. The cantonal government now argued that there was no legal basis for the destruction of the stone because it had been the property of since 1925. On 1 September 1972, the Federal Council finally agreed to moving the stone, and it was moved 127 metres in an operation costing CHF 335,000. It is now situated on the ramp of exit 40 (Göschenen) of the motorway, at the entrance of
Gotthard Road Tunnel, visible both from the railway and from the motorway.
Early modern history Marshal
Alexander Suvorov crossing over the ''Devil's Bridge'' on 25 September 1799 (
Alexander von Kotzebue, 1857) , 1781) In 1595, the wooden bridge was replaced by a stone bridge which came to be known as Devil's Bridge (). On St Patrick's Day (17 March) 1608,
Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, was
fleeing from Ulster to Rome with 98 of his fellow-Gaels. As they crossed the Devil's Bridge, one of the horses carrying his fortune plunged into the torrent below; the horse was recovered, but not the gold, which was lost in the raging torrent. A new road, including a tunnel with a length , replacing the was built in 1707/08. The tunnel, constructed by (1660–1737) and known as the ("Uri Hole"), was the first road-tunnel to be built in the Alps. Following its construction, the was no longer maintained and was allowed to collapse. Hans Rudolf Schinz in 1783 mentions another bridge, marking the border between Uri and Urseren, known as or . In September 1799, the became one of the sites of the
battles at the Saint-Gotthard, and one of the most dramatic battles of
Suvorov's Italian and Swiss expedition during the
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The bridge was heavily damaged by the retreating French army. As a result, the route's trade with Italy shifted to the
Splügenpass. In the 1890s, the
Russian Empire commissioned the , just south of the Devil's Bridge.
Modern engineering railway bridge and tunnel A replacement cut stone bridge was planned and executed by Karl Emanuel Müller (1804–1869), the cantonal engineer in charge of the stretch of the new Gotthard road between
Göschenen and
Hospental. Construction took 10 years, and was the subject of a famous painting by
Karl Blechen in 1830–1832. The new bridge allowed (single-lane) motorized traffic, potentially opening the Gotthard Pass to automobiles. The 1595 bridge fell out of use after the completion of the second bridge in 1830, and it collapsed in 1888. The
Gotthard railway project of 1872 avoided the Schöllenen Gorge by building the
Gotthard Rail Tunnel under it, but the
Schöllenenbahn, a
rack railway, was built through the gorge in 1917. The modern road bridge and tunnel date to 1958. It served as the main road across the Central Alps during the 1960s and 1970s, but since the construction of the
Gotthard Road Tunnel in 1980, it has only been of regional importance, connecting Uri with
canton of Valais and the
Surselva. ==References==