SDG 9 is broken down into 8 specific targets to reach the SDG goal. The first five targets are called 'outcome targets' (9.1-9.5), with the last three named 'means of achieving targets' (9.a-9.c). Outcome targets have specific desired outcomes that achieve the objective of the SDG goal. They are as follows: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization, increase access to small scale enterprises, upgrade existing infrastructure, and enhance scientific research. . Each target includes one or more indicators that measure the achieved progress. Target 9.1 is: "Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient
infrastructure, including regional and trans-border infrastructure, to support
economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and fair access for all". It has two indicators: • "Proportion of the rural population who live within 2 km of an all-season road" • "Passenger and freight volumes, by
mode of transport"
Target 9.2: Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization still accounted for nine-tenths of research expenditure, researchers, publications and patents. In some cases, the researcher population rose faster than related expenditure, leaving less funding available to each researcher. Commitments to SDG 9.5 have not spurred an increase in reporting of data. On the contrary, a total of 99 countries reported data on domestic investment in research in 2015 but only 69 countries in 2018. Similarly, 59 countries recorded the number of researchers (in full-time equivalents) in 2018, down from 90 countries in 2015. == Means of implementation targets ==