In Germany during the late 1920s,
Hans Hollmann began working in the field of
microwave frequencies, which later were used by almost all radar systems. In 1935 he published
Physics and Technique of Ultrashort Waves, which was picked up by researchers around the world. At the time he had been most interested in their use for communications, but he and his partner
Hans-Karl von Willisen had also worked on radar-like systems. In 1928 Hollmann, von Willisen and
Paul-Günther Erbslöh started a company
Gesellschaft für elektroakustische und mechanische Apparate (GEMA). In the autumn of 1934 GEMA built the first commercial radar system for detecting ships, similar to a system developed by
Christian Hülsmeyer. Operating in the 50 cm range, it could detect ships up to 10 km away. This early version of the system only provided a warning that a ship was in the general vicinity of the direction the antenna was pointed, without accurate direction or any sort of range information. The purpose was to provide an anti-collision system at night, in fog, and other times of limited visibility. By order of the German navy, in the summer of 1935 they developed a pulse radar with which they could spot the cruiser
Königsberg at a distance of 8 km, with an accuracy of up to 50 m, enough for gun-laying. The same system could also detect an aircraft at 500 m altitude at a distance of 28 km. The military implications were not lost this time around, and construction of land and sea-based versions took place as
Freya radar and
Seetakt. The navy's priority at that time was ranging; detecting targets and obstacles by night or in bad weather was a secondary objective. Actually using it for gun laying, like the
Würzburg radar developed for the German army, was initially not a priority for the
Kriegsmarine. The two systems were generally similar, although the early Seetakt systems worked on a 50 cm wavelength (600 MHz), while Freya was designed for much longer ranges and used a 2.4 m wavelength that could be generated at high power using existing electronics. These early systems proved problematic, and a new version using improved electronics at 60 cm wavelength (500 MHz) was introduced. Four units were ordered and installed on the
Königsberg,
Admiral Graf Spee and two large
torpedo boats (which in German service were the size of small destroyers). The
Admiral Graf Spee used this unit successfully against shipping in the Atlantic. In December 1939, after heavy fighting during the
Battle of the River Plate, the
Admiral Graf Spee was severely damaged and the captain scuttled the ship in the neutral harbor off
Montevideo, Uruguay. The ship sank in shallow water, with her radar antenna visible. These early-model Seetakt systems were followed in 1939 by a modified version known as
Dete 1, operating between 71 and 81.5 cm
wavelength (368 to 390 MHz) at 8 kW peak and a
pulse repetition frequency of 500 Hz. Maximum range against a ship-sized target at sea was up to on a good day, although more typically half that. Performance was otherwise similar to the earlier system, with a range accuracy of about 50 m. This was better than guns, which typically had spreads of over 100 m between rounds. It was also much better than the optical rangefinding equipment of the era, which would typically be accurate to about 200 m at 20,000 m. However, some German optical rangefinders were reportedly capable of 40-50 m accuracy at that range, which helps to explain why the Germans continued to rely on optics as their primary maritime range-finding equipment for several years into the war. ==References==