Korean New Year

generally refers to (, also known as ()). '' may also refer to (), also known as (). While Korean New Year is generally referred to as , it has been called by many other names. They are listed in the table below. == History ==

Adaptation to the Chinese calendar The earliest attestations of the festivals and customs surrounding are found in the Dongyi section of Volume 30 of the Book of Wei (魏書 東夷傳), of the contemporary Chinese historical work called the Records of the Three Kingdoms (三國志). The earliest records of celebrations are included in the 7th century Chinese historical works, called the Book of Sui (隋書) and the Old Book of Tang (舊唐書), containing excerpts of national rituals and festivals in Silla in the 7th century. Discontinued practices for worshipping deities from the native folk religion such as the ones of the sun and moon are also mentioned. The oldest surviving Korean records of can be found in the (三國遺事), compiled in the 13th century. During the rule of Bicheo (also called Soji), 21st ruler of Silla, in 488 AD a number of unfortunate events surrounding an affair between a high ranking person responsible for shrines (宮主) and a noble, that coincided with a specific lineup of Zodiac signs led to the day also being nicknamed Daldo (怛忉). In 1910, Korea was officially annexed by the Empire of Japan after years of war, intimidation and political machinations. During this period, the Japanese reiterated the prohibition of celebrating . The day is called , and the old new year became . After the liberation of Korea in 1945 and prior to the Korean War in 1950, the provisional Korean government designated the period from 1 to 3 January of the Gregorian calendar as a public new year holiday. In 1980s South Korea, there was widespread opinion among South Koreans that should be re-designated as a national holiday. Factors include respecting cultural traditions was raised, in addition to removing remnants of Japanese colonial rule and the South Korean dictatorship period especially under Syngman Rhee and Park Chung Hee. In response, the South Korean government declared that was a folk day from 1985 to 1988. In 1989, the Roh Tae-woo administration accepted public opinion that the old New Year's Day should be re-vitalized, designating the original New Year as both the official Korean New Year and a national holiday. == Customs ==

The festival is a typical family holiday for the Koreans. The three-day holiday is used by many to return to their hometowns to visit their parents and other relatives, where they perform an ancestral ritual called . The three days are the day of, the day before, and the day after. Koreans not only travel within the country, but around the world, as well. Many Koreans travel from overseas to visit their families for this annual holiday. Since it is one of the few times families may be able to get together and catch up on one another's lives, it is considered respectful and important to attend the holiday. Often, the family members first visit the elders, and this includes the grandparents and the parents. It is also considered respectful for people to visit their mothers- and fathers-in-law during the Korean New Year. Including travel expense, preparation for this holiday is very costly. Gifts are usually given to family members and new clothes are worn during the holiday. Traditional food is prepared for many family members coming to visit for the holiday. Fruits are especially expensive. Due to the increased demand, food prices are inflated during the month of . As a result, some people have chosen to forgo some traditions because they have become too expensive. These families prepare a modest ancestral rite only with necessary foods for . The government has started taking certain measures to help stabilize and support ordinary people's livelihood for the New Year holiday period, raising the supply of agricultural, fishery, and livestock products. The government has also used rice reserves and pork imports to lower inflation. The government is also putting money into small and medium-sized companies to help with cash flow.Many preparations go into celebrating the Korean New Year. During the first morning, Koreans pay their respect towards their ancestors. Traditional foods are placed on a table as an offering to the ancestors, and a rite begins with deep bows from all family members. This is a sign of respect and a very important practice on the first day of the New Year in Korea. It is also where they pray for the well-being of all the family members. Koreans believe that specific zodiac animals bring specific resources and qualities. For example, the year 2014 was the year of the horse, and it was considered a good year in the money and career aspect of life. It is said that a person born in a specific zodiacal year will carry that zodiac animal's characteristics. As a result, Koreans plan their year and activities around it to have a good, prosperous year. Parents may have even planned the birth year of their child, so the child may have a specific characteristic. Another custom observed is the lighting of a "moon house" built from burnable firewood and branches. This symbolizes the warding off of bad/evil spirits for the new year. Many also choose to add wishes they want to come true in the next year to the moon house. ====

() is a ritual of filial piety that is traditionally observed on . Dressed in traditional clothing, people wish their elders (grandparents, parents and aunts and uncles) a happy new year by performing a deep traditional bow (rites with more than one bow involved are usually for the deceased) and saying the words (, 'Please receive a lot of good fortune for the New Year.') Elders typically reward this gesture by giving children new year's money, or "pocket money" called (usually in the form of crisp paper money) in silk bags made with beautiful traditional designs, as well as offering words of wisdom (). Historically, parents gave out rice cakes () and fruit to their children. == New Year food ==

====== The main dish eaten on New Year's Day in South Korea is tteokguk (; IPA: [t͈ʌk̚.k͈uk̚]), a traditional soup consisting of rice cakes (tteok) most commonly served in a beef based broth and typically garnished with thinly sliced egg, green onion, and meat. There are many other variations featuring soy sauce in the soup base, as well as the addition of Korean dumplings known as mandu (). The tteok is made by steaming glutinous rice flour and shaping the dough into long ropes that signify "an expansion of good fortune in the new year." The rice cake ropes are then sliced into thin, oval shapes thought to resemble yeopjeon (), a traditional Korean currency. The white color of the rice cakes is also thought to represent "purity and cleanliness." Korean people believe that eating tteokguk signifies adding another year to your life as well. Its origins can be traced back to the 19th century from the mention of tteokguk in the "Dongguk Sesigi", a book on traditional Korean customs. The dish was said to be "prepared during ancestral rites on the first morning of Lunar New Year." Tteokguk carries heavy symbolic meaning as a dish representing good fortune, new beginnings, and the rich holiday traditions of Korea. ====== Savory pancakes called jeon (; IPA: /tɕʌn/) are typically included in the Korean New Year's feast. Made with various fillings such as meat, seafood, and vegetables, the side dishes are a fried, flour-based side dish. Out of the many variations, shredded beef (yukjeon; 육전), oysters (guljeon; 굴전), kimchi (kimchijeon; 김치전), and green onion (pajeon; 파전) are the most popular fillings for the crispy pancakes. The jeon is often accompanied with a spicy, soy sauce and vinegar mixture flavored with Korean chili powder called gochugaru to enhance its taste. Traditionally, jeon is prepared for holidays and festive occasions like Lunar New Years, though they are presently regarded as a staple Korean side dish or appetizer in everyday meals. Originally, japchae did not contain any noodles or meat at all when it was invented by a servant of King Gwangaegun, though it has evolved since then to become Korea's well known noodle dish suitable for celebrations. == Folk games ==

Many traditional games are associated with the Korean New Year. The traditional family board game remains a popular game, especially during Korean New Year. It is played using a set of specially designed sticks and is considered appropriate for all ages and genders. Men and boys traditionally would also fly rectangle kites called (, see ), and also play , a game in which a light object is wrapped in paper or cloth, and then kicked in a footbag-like manner. Korean women and girls would have traditionally played , a game of jumping on a seesaw (), and , a game played with five little (originally a little stone, but today many buy manufactured in toy shops). Top ( () spinning is also a traditional game played by children. Recently, a few adults play Go-Stop instead of traditional . ==See also==