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Serbian Chetnik Organization

The Serbian Revolutionary Organization or Serbian Chetnik Organization was a paramilitary revolutionary organization with the aim of liberation of Old Serbia from the Ottoman Empire.

Background
The Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1878) and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) against the Ottomans motivated liberation movements among the people in Kosovo and Metohija and Macedonia (known at the time as "Old Serbia" or "southern Serbia"). Serbia sought to liberate the Kosovo Vilayet (sanjaks of Niš, Prizren, Skopje and Novi Pazar). The Serbian Army was joined by southern Serbs who made up special volunteer detachments, a large number being from Macedonia, who wanted to liberate their home regions and unify them with Serbia. These volunteers were infiltrated into the Kumanovo and Kriva Palanka districts. When peace was signed between the Serbs and Ottomans, these groups conducted independent guerrilla fighting under the Serbian flag, which they carried and flew far south of the demarcation line. The Serbian advance in Old Serbia (1877–78) was followed with uprisings for the Serbian cause in the region, including a notable one that broke out in the counties of Kumanovo, Kriva Palanka, and Kratovo. On 20 January, the Kumanovo Uprising broke out, spanning four months and ending with Ottoman suppression. The Ottomans retaliated against the Serb population in the Ottoman Empire. Because of the terror against the unprotected rayah (lower class, Christians), many left for the mountains, fled across the border into Serbia, from where they raided their home regions to revenge the atrocities carried out by the Ottomans. After the war, the Serbian military government sent armament and aid to rebels in Kosovo and Macedonia. Christian rebel bands were formed all over the region. Many of those bands, privately funded and aided by the government, were established in Serbia and crossed into Ottoman territory. In that way, Micko Krstić formed a rebel band in 1879 in Niš, with the help of Nikola Rašić and the military government in Vranje. On 14 October 1880, an uprising broke out in the Kičevo-Poreče region, known as the "Brsjak Revolt". Serbia secretly and very carefully aided the Christians in the Ottoman areas, such as in the Brsjak Revolt; however, by 1881, the aid was stopped by the intervention of the government. The Ottoman army succeeded in suppressing the rebellion in the winter of 1880–81, and many of the leaders were exiled. In 1886, the Association of Serbo-Macedonians was established. ==Prelude==
Prelude
The anti-Serb organization Society Against Serbs, established by Dame Gruev in 1897, had up until 1902 murdered at least 43 persons, and wounded 52 persons, who were owners of Serbian schools, teachers, Serbian Orthodox clergy, and other notable Serbs in the Ottoman Empire. In May 1899, Golub Janić sent a detachment of 10 to 15 men to Macedonia. ==Organization==
Organization
The Central Committee (of Belgrade) was established in 1902 by Milorad Gođevac, Luka Ćelović, Vasa Jovanović, Žika Rafajlović, Nikola Spasić and Ljuba Kovačević. Captain Rafajlović had up until then independently organized armed bands in Old Serbia. The seat of the board was in the house of Ćelović. The organization was initially funded by Ćelović who donated 50,000 dinars yearly, which at that time was a very large sum. The Committee chose Dr. Gođevac as President. It had initially funded individual, and small groups of hajduks (brigands), who were either self-organized or part of the Bulgarian revolutionary organizations in Macedonia (Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee or Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization). The Serbian Committee (Српски комитет) was established in September 1903 in Belgrade, by the combined Central Boards of Belgrade, Vranje, Skopje and Bitola. The fighters sought to protect the Slavic Christian population from zulum (atrocities, persecution), and carried out assassinations of known persecutors. With the failed negotiations of a joint Serbian-Bulgarian action, and growing nationalism within the Bulgarian committees, the Serbian committee decided to fully organize their own armed groups. It's armed wing was thus officially activated in 1904. Among the architects were members of the Society of Saint Sava, Army Staff and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the beginning, and also at times at the end, the Serbian Chetniks had strict orders of defence and protection, and not any offensive; The Ottoman government and the Great Powers agreed that the Chetniks did not carry out crimes and massacres, though the great armed conflicts could not be without violence. Central Boards Macedonia and Old Serbia Inside Macedonia and Old Serbia the Chief of the Mountainous Headquarters held the highest position followed by regional voivodes and village voivodes. In every village the organization was composed so that every resident was a member of the organization and had to, without exception, follow all orders that the organization gave him. All disputes were to be solved within the village and the Turkish court was not to be involved under any circumstances. Smaller disputes were to be solved between the villagers themselves, sometimes with the help of the village voivode or chief, bigger disputes were to be solved by the regional voivode and some really large ones were to be solved by the chief of the mountainous headquarters. Every village had a chief with two helpers, a village voivode under whose command were all armed villagers and a treasurer who would collect a small monthly membership fee as well as all the fines charged by all of the mentioned institutions. ==History==
History
1902 The Central Committee (of Belgrade) was established in 1902 by Milorad Gođevac, Luka Ćelović, Vasa Jovanović, Žika Rafajlović, Nikola Spasić and Ljuba Kovačević. The "Serbian Committee" was established in September 1903 in Belgrade, by the combined Central Boards of Belgrade, Vranje, Skopje and Bitola. The fighters sought to protect the Slavic Christian population from zulum (atrocities, persecution), and carried out assassinations of known persecutors. With the failed negotiations of a joint Serbian–Bulgarian action, and growing nationalism within the Bulgarian committees, the Serbian committee decided to fully organize their own armed groups. It's armed wing was thus officially activated in 1904. Among the architects were members of the Society of Saint Sava, Army Staff and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. April–May 1904 On Đurđevdan (23 April) 1904, Bulgarian students travelled to Belgrade to hold a congress. This was after negotiations between the Bulgarian and Serbian committees about a joint Serb-Bulgarian uprising had failed after more than 50 meetings in a period of 4–5 months. The Bulgarian students and the Serbian side constantly stressed the need for Serb–Bulgarian brotherhood. The Committee had prepared the formation of the first bands for a number of months. Vasilije Trbić, who guided them, told them that the best way was to go through the Kozjak and then down to the Vardar. The two voivodes however, wanted the fastest route, through the Kumanovo plains and then to Četirac. According to Serbian state documents, the death toll was 24 Chetniks, a zaptı (Ottoman gendarmerie), and three Ottoman soldiers. Serbian deputy Ristić, according to the document, named Žika Rafajlović as the organizer of the band, and that "such adventures and thoughtless treacherous actions should be stopped". Veljko Mandarčević, from the Skopje field (Macedonian-Andrianopolitan Volunteer Corps), became the voivode of a band that moved into Skopska Crna Gora. Rista Cvetković-Sušički, a former friend and voivode of Zafirov, was sent for Poreče where Micko Krstić impatiently waited for him with the band. In the village of Solpa, they dried their clothes on the warm summer morning, and rested in the boxwood shrubs and ate wet bread. The hungry and tired band of Đorđe Cvetković arrived at the village of Gornji Divjaci, where they were hosted by the villagers who had brought cheese and rakija. On the same day, 14 August, the Bulgarians had killed Serbian priest Stavro Krstić, which the Chetniks later learnt from the villagers. Far from the other bands, without help, tricked and surrounded, the band understood their situation. Young Turk Revolution When the Young Turk Revolution broke out (1907–1908), and there was a temporary peace in Macedonia, the Young Turks gave Serbs more rights. Several members of the Organization joined the Serb Democratic League. ==Operations and events==
Operations and events
• The wounding of Ilija Slave (June, 1903) • (early september, 1903) • The assassination of Šefir-beg (January 21, 1904) • Fight on Šuplji Kamen (May 27, 1904) • Fight in Slatine (October 5, 1904) • Kokošinje massacre (August 6, 1904) • Rudar massacre (August 11, 1904) • Murder of priest Stavro Krstić (August 14, 1904) • Murder of priest Taško (January 15, 1905) • Fight in Tabanovce (27 March 1905) • (30 April 1905) • (March 9, 1906) • Fight in Nikodim (April 1906) • Fight in Kriva Brda (May 12, 1906) • (July 8, 1906) • • (1906) • Battle for Gabrovnik (May 7, 1907) • Fight on Kurtov Kamen (1907) • Fight in Nebregovo (1907) • Battle of Drenovo (1907) • Battle of Pasjane (1907) • Fight on Paklište (1907/1908) Operations temporarily stopped during the Young Turk Revolution (1908), and until the Young Turk coup (1910), after which oppression against Christians intensified. ==Chief of staff==
Chief of staff
;Chiefs of the Mountainous Headquarters Left side of the Vardar or PredvardarjeBaceta (until June 1905) • Mihailo Džervinac (–April 1907) • Pavle Blažarić (April–Autumn 1907) • Milivoje Čolak-Antić (end of 1907) • Vojislav Tankosić (1907–08) Right side of the Vardar or PrekovardarjeSreten Rajković-Rudnički (1905) • Panta Radosavljević (end of 1905) • Jovan Babunski (–1907) • Alimpije Marjanovic (1908) ==Armament==
Armament
Berdan rifle (I and II), known as brzometka (pl. brzometke) or berdanka (pl. berdanci, berdanke) • Hand-thrown bombs • Martini-Henry rifle, known as martinka (pl. martinci, martinke). In 1904–05, the Chetniks were supplied with: • Mauser-Koka rifle, known as brzometka (pl. brzometke) or kokinka (pl. kokinke). • Various revolvers, also known as altipatlak (Turkish "six-shooter") ==Culture==
Culture
The members of the organization were known by their nom de guerre (четничко име, "Chetnik name"). The descendants of Jovan Stanojković "Dovezenski" and Jovan Stojković "Babunski" are surnamed with their Chetnik names (Dovezenski and Babunski, respectively). ==Legacy==
Legacy
The organization continued its existence and also played a role during the Balkan Wars, as well as during World War I. During the First Balkan War, Chetniks were used as a vanguard to soften up the enemy forward of advancing armies, for attacks on communications behind enemy lines, as field gendarmerie and to establish basic administration in occupied areas. ==Gallery==
Gallery
File:Srpske Vojvode u Makedoniji.jpg|Group photo, July 1908 File:Srpske Vojvode u Staroj Srbiji i Makedoniji.jpg|Most notable commanders, July 1908, no. 1 File:Chetnik commanders, 1908, no. 2.jpg|Most notable commanders, July 1908, no. 2 File:Serbian Chetniks in Skopje, 1908.jpg|Chetniks in Skopje, July 1908 ==See also==
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