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Ingvar runestones

The Ingvar runestones is the name of around 26 Varangian Runestones that were raised in commemoration of those who died in the Swedish Viking expedition to the Caspian Sea of Ingvar the Far-Travelled.

Uppland
U 439 This runestone in runestone style Fp and is one of the Serkland runestones. It was located at Steninge Palace, but it is now lost. Johan Bureus, one of the first prominent Swedish runologists, visited Steninge on May 8, 1595, and made a drawing of the runestone which stood by the jetty. Only 50 years later it had disappeared and in a letter written in 1645 it was explained that the stone had been used in the construction of a new stone jetty. Of the names in the text, Sæbiorn means "sea bear," Hærlæif means "warrior love relic" or "beloved warrior," and Þorgærðr is the name of a goddess, Þorgerðr, which combines the god name Thor and gerðr, the latter word meaning "fenced in." Ingvar, the leader of the expedition, has a name meaning "the god Ing's warrior." This runestone is attributed to the runemaster Äskil. U 644 This runestone in style Fp is located at Ekilla bro. It is raised in memory of the same man as U 654, below. Omeljan Pritsak suggests that he may have died in Vladimir of Novgorod's attack on Constantinople in 1043. It was at the time lying under the stone bridge that crossed the river north of Ekilla. It contains an Old Norse poem. The runestone was depicted as early as 1599 by Johannes Bureus, and in the 17th century on a drawing by Johan Hadorph and Johan Leitz. which is why scholars are certain that their names were Andvéttr and Blesi. Omeljan Pritsak suggests that he may have died in Vladimir of Novgorod's attack on Constantinople in 1043. The runestone was examined in the early 17th century by Johannes Bureus and it was included in his book Monumenta Sveo-Gothica Hactenus Expulta. The text refers to the lið of Ingvar. This word, translated by Rundata as "retinue," is often used in reference to the Þingalið, the Scandinavian forces that served the English kings from 1013–1066, and is used that way on runestone U 668. It has been suggested that lið could also refer to a "collection of ships." U 837 This stone is located in Alsta, Nysätra. It was discovered in the 1940s by a local boy, and an unsuccessful search was initiated to find the remaining parts. It is presently located in the forest about 100 metres from the road. Its identity as an Ingvar runestone is based on the remaining runes -rs + liþ, which agree with ikuars × liþ ("Ingvar's retinue") on runestone U 778. U 1143 This stone is located at the church of Tierp. It is tentatively categorized as style Pr1. Although very worn today, the text of the inscription is known from a drawing made by Johan Peringskiöld. U Fv1992;157 This stone in style Fp was reported by road construction workers on April 6, 1990. A runologist arrived and noted that it was missing some parts. It was also lying with text upwards and it had probably been dug up and moved by machinery the previous winter from somewhere in the vicinity. The existence of lichen showed that it had not been completely covered by soil. Later in the month, an archaeological excavation uncovered two missing pieces of the stone. On the 23rd it was moved to the museum of Sigtuna and on May 16, it was transported to a stonemason who mended the stone. The stone is a light grey and finely grained granite, and it is 2.30 m tall and 1.73 m wide. The runemaster does not appear to have prepared the surface much and so the surface is quite coarse, but still the runes are legible. It was made by the same runemaster as the Ingvar runestone U 439 and probably the Ingvar runestone U 661. It is the only Ingvar runestone that talks of the construction of a bridge. The excavation had established that the stone had been located beside a road, and there was once a creek at the location across which the bridge had passed. There are many examples of these bridge stones dated from the 11th century, including runic inscriptions Sö 101, U 489, and U 617. Since it could not be reerected at its original location, the Swedish Civil Aviation Administration arranged so that it could be installed in the new terminal 2 for domestic flights. It was inaugurated in the terminal with a solemn ceremony by the Civil Aviation Administration on May 17, 1992. ==Södermanland==
Södermanland
Sö 9 This stone is located in Lifsinge and it is in style Fp. The runemaster used the imagery of the cross in the center to emphasize salvation; the text meaning "may God help Ulfr's soul" surrounds the cross. Sö 96 This stone in style Fp is located at the church of Jäder. Sö 105 This stone in style Fp is located in Högstena, Södermanland. It was raised by Holmviðr in memory of his son Þorbjörn. Based on other runestones, the wider family connections of those mentioned on this runestone has been reconstructed as follows: Holmviðr was a wealthy landowner who also appears on the runestone Sö 116. He was married to Gýriðr, the sister of Sigfastr, the owner of Snottsta, who is mentioned on runestones U 623 and U 331, Sö 108 This stone in style Fp is located in Gredby. The father's name Ulf means "wolf," while the son Gunnulf's name combines gunnr to make "war-wolf." Dybeck excavated the stone and discovered that it was a runestone with an interesting inscription. Two of them are runestones called Sö 173 and Sö 374, of which the last one has a cross. in Södermanland, and it may refer to the same person. The runestone was discovered in the early 1820s by Wallin, the caretaker of the castle, and it was then forming the threshold of the cellar of the eastern tower of the castle, the so-called "theatre tower". The second half of the inscription is in alliterative verse of the form fornyrðislag. Sö 281 This stone is located at the Strängnäs Cathedral and it is in style Pr2. Sö 287 This stone was located in Hunhammar, but it has disappeared. Sö 320 This stone is located in the park of the manor house Stäringe beside the runestone Sö 319. It is in style Fp. Sö 335 This stone is located at the church ruin of Ärja and it is in style Fp. It contains the word skipari which means "shipmate". This word is found in a second runestone in Södermanland and there are six other attestations in stones from southern Sweden and Denmark. From this usage, it seems that Holmsteinn was a captain of one of the ships of the expedition and Ósníkinn a crew member. The first rune in the inscription is apparently superfluous, and this can be compared with the fact that the name Ingvar is spelled with two initial i-runes. What name was written in the first runes is not certain, but some scholars have proposed that it was a not hitherto known woman's name Ulfvi. Another proposal is that it was a misspelling of the name Ulfr or the rare name Ulfvid. The name Osnikin appears in half a dozen inscriptions in Uppland and Södermanland and it means, like osniken still does in modern Swedish, "generous." ==Västmanland==
Västmanland
Vs 19 This stone is located in Berga, Skultuna. It is in style Fp and it is made by the same runemaster as runestone Vs 18. It is dated to the 1040s. The name Gunnvaldr in the inscription combines gunnr meaning "war" and valdr meaning "wielder" or "keeper," while the name Ormr means "serpent" or "dragon." ==Östergötland==
Östergötland
Ög 145 This stone is located at the church of Dagsberg. Ög 155 This stone is tentatively categorized as style RAK. It is located in Sylten, and it is the southernmost of the Ingvar runestones. It was known in the 17th century and a drawing by Johan Hadorph, Petrus Helgonius and Petrus Törnewall is preserved. Later, the stone was toppled and partially covered with soil. In 1896, it was re-erected by the owner of the homestead of Bjällbrunna and moved a small distance. The word helfningr (appears in the dative case as the eastern dialectal form hælfningi) is originally a word for "half" but it could also mean "troop." It only appears in one additional runestone, which is located at the church of Dagsberg in Östergötland (see Ög 145). The i-rune can represent both the i and the e phonemes, which means that the first name can be interpreted both as the woman's name Þorfríðr and the man's name Þorfreðr. It is consequently not known whether it was the mother or the father who raised the stone. Ásgautr was a common name which appears in about 30 runic inscriptions. Gauti (modern Göte) was, however, rare in the runic inscriptions of the Viking Age and the only additional runestone where it appears is on U 516 (although damaged or unclear inscriptions on runestones Sö 14, G 65, and Norway's N 331 also have words translated as the name Gauti). It is believed to mean an inhabitant of Götaland, i.e. a Geat. The personal name element Gaut appears, however, in not only this part of Scandinavia but also in Svealand and in Denmark. ==See also==
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