Shiveluch

Shiveluch belongs to the Kliuchevskaya volcano group, located in central Kamchatka northwest of Ust-Kamchatsk. The nearest settlement from the volcano is Klyuchi, situated from the mountain. The settlement is small enough to evacuate rapidly in case of a major eruption. == Geologic setting ==

Shiveluch is a volcano within the Kuril–Kamchatka volcanic arc which hosts tens of other volcanoes. As the Pacific Plate crust subducts deeper under the Okhotsk Plate, the melting points of minerals underground are reduced by other materials including water which results in the materials melting and forming into magma which rises onto the surface and forms the volcanoes. Structure There are three elements of the volcano: the stratovolcano Old Shiveluch (Старый Шивелуч); an ancient caldera; and the active Young Shiveluch (Молодой Шивелуч), with an elevation of about . Shiveluch is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. Geologic history Shiveluch began forming about 60,000 to 70,000 years ago during the Late Pleistocene, and it has had at least 60 large eruptions during the Holocene. Chemically a full spectrum of subduction-zone lava types occur: basalt, mafic andesite, two-pyroxene andesite, hornblende-hypersthene andesite, hornblende andesite, hornblende dacite, rhyolite. == Modern activity ==

Catastrophic eruptions took place in 1854 and 1964, when a large part of the lava dome collapsed and created a devastating debris avalanche. April 2023 eruption Since mid-2022, volcanologists were expecting an imminent large eruption of Shiveluch due to the unstable state of its lava dome. A strong eruption occurred on 11 April 2023 at 00.54 local time. A progressive increase in activity was observed since 28 March in the form of continued extrusion, fumarole activity, and ash emissions. During the initial paroxysmal explosive phase on 11 April, the volcano ejected a cloud of volcanic gas and ash that reached a height of and spread over an area of . Because the height of the eruption columns reached the stratosphere, 200,000 tons of sulfur dioxide were released into the upper atmosphere. following a magnitude 7.0 earthquake off the coast of Kamchatka Krai, sending an ash cloud high, and with a length of heading east and southeast. A "code red" warning was issued for aircraft in the area. Another eruption happened on November 7, 2024 evening. In the morning the volcano was quiet, there were no damages, and the level of volcanic ash settled in populated areas was les than 1mm. After that the volcano was quiet until May 2025. == Gallery ==

Image:Shiveluch activity (ash plume), 2012-11-06.png|Activity on 6 November 2012 Image:Jan 2011 Activity at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|The heat signature of a pyroclastic flow on Shiveluch in January 2011 Image:Feb 2011 Pyroclastic Flow Remnants at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|This false-colour satellite image shows the remnants of a large pyroclastic flow on the slopes of Shiveluch. Image:2010 Activity at Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|Activity on 7 September 2010 Image:Volcanic Plume over Shiveluch Volcano 2010-02-13.jpg|Activity on 13 February 2010 Image:Shiveluch activity, 2009-10-03.jpg|Activity on 3 October 2009 Image:Plume from Shiveluch Volcano.jpg|Shiveluch releases a small plume of vapour, 2009 Image:Shiveluch eruption.jpg|Activity on 9 May 2004 Image:Sheveluch, Kamchatka.jpeg|Activity (red dot) on 17 September 2002 ==References==