Quasipaa spinosa

Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have suggested that Quasipaa spinosa is split in three distinct lineages; the nominal Quasipaa spinosa may thus represent a cryptic species complex. The lineages are geographically distinct; one lineage is found in Yunnan, another one in southeastern China (Anhui, Zhejiang, northern Fujian, and Jiangxi), and the third one in south-central China (southern Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, and Guangxi). In this analysis, Quasipaa exilispinosa is nested within Quasipaa spinosa. Its sibling species is Quasipaa acanthophora from Vietnam. ==Distribution and habitat==

It is found in China south of the Yangtze River, including Hong Kong. It is expected to be found in Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. No certain records exist from Vietnam, earlier records may refer to Quasipaa acanthophora described in 2009 as a new species from that country. It may also have been mixed with Quasipaa verrucospinosa and Nanorana yunnanensis. Quasipaa spinosa is associated with rocky streams in evergreen forests and open countryside on hills and mountains. Its altitude range is about above sea level. ==Description and life cycle==

The most distinctive characteristic of Quasipaa spinosa are the keratinized skin spines in the chest of males. It is dark brown in colour, interspersed with dense, yellowish mottling. Quasipaa spinosa are moderately large frogs: males grow to a snout–vent length of about and females to or more, up to in snout–vent length. It is the largest frog in Hong Kong. Later studies has shown that usually males are larger than females, but with considerable overlap between sexes. Body size is positively correlated with maximum temperature and rainfall. Mean body weight among males may reach at least . Quasipaa spinosa breeds in streams, laying the eggs in water under stones. Population demography of Quasipaa spinosa has been studied for two populations in the Tai Mo Shan Country Park in Hong Kong. These populations exhibit high site fidelity. Populations have low densities (13–42 frogs per 100 m of stream) and female-biased sex ratio. Each female produced an average 1.26 juveniles that survived until the age of 2 years. Annual survival was low, 38–65%. ==Utilization==

Quasipaa spinosa is an important food and medicinal resource in China and considered as a delicacy. ==Conservation==

This species is believed to have declined dramatically in abundance. It is classified as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature because the decline is estimated to be more than 30% over the last three generations. The main reasons for the decline is (over)collection for human consumption, and it is also threatened by habitat loss caused by agriculture and dam construction. Moderate levels of exploitation are sufficient to increase extinction risk markedly, at least in small populations. Quasipaa spinosa is not designated as a State Protected Animal in China, and there are no regulations for its protection, except in protected areas. However, sale of wild Quasipaa spinosa is now forbidden in Fujian, and farmed frogs need to be certified. Whether these regulations are enforced is not yet known, but they have potential to help wild populations. ==Parasites==

), a parasite of the rectum of Quasipaa spinosa Parasites of Quasipaa spinosa include the ciliate Sicuophora multigranularis. ==References==