, printed by
Christoph Froschauer in 1548. The first map of the Valais was drawn by Johannes Schalbetter and printed by
Sebastian Münster in 1545. The tithings (
Zehnden) of the
Upper Valais emerged as
medieval communes, which were granted certain privileges by
Charles IV in 1353. These territories had enjoyed de facto independence since the mid-15th century, as a result of the
Raron affair, and they continued to grow in power and influence over the following two centuries. They seized much of the Lower Valais formerly controlled by the
House of Savoy in 1475. This happened in the context of the
Burgundian Wars, and with the agreement of both the
bishop of Sion and the
canton of Bern. The tithings gained further autonomy as a result of the conflict with bishop
Matthäus Schiner after the
Battle of Marignano (1515). Throughout the 16th century, the tithings, now calling themselves
Republica Vallesi, acted as a sovereign power without regard to the prince-bishop who was still nominally the feudal ruler of Valais. In the wake of the
Swiss Reformation, Bern occupied
Vaud and the city of
Geneva in 1535. Anticipating further Bernese aggression, the seven tithings sent their troops to Saint-Maurice to defend their border. As the Bernese advanced to
Chablais, the Valais troops crossed the Rhone and advanced along the shore of Lake Geneva, onto Savoyard territory, and far as
Évian, halting the Bernese advance. Bern agreed to return the occupied territory to Savoy in 1564. The Valais refused to do the same, but eventually agreed to return Evian and Hochtal, keeping
Monthey as their subject territory. The constitutional establishment of the
Zendenherrschaft (sovereignty of the tithings) dates to 1571, but the conflict between the prince-bishops and the communes simmered on into the 17th century. The Reformation began to spread to Sion and Leuk in the 1580s. The bishop attempted to suppress this, from 1603 aided by the tithings, by the Catholic Swiss cantons and by France. In 1604, adherents of the Reformation were forced to either re-convert to Catholicism or to emigrate. By the beginning 17th century, the seven tithings had gained complete sovereignty
de facto, and in 1613, the
Diet (German:
Landrat, French:
Diète), a council of representatives of tithings and parishes, formally declared independence from the prince-bishop. In 1613, bishop Hildebrand Jost was forced to forfeit his claim on the tithings, at first temporarily, then permanently in 1634, marking the beginning of the
de jure sovereignty of the tithings and the end of the secular power of the prince-bishops. The communes of the Valais first referred to themselves as a democratic Republic in a document of 1619; the distinctive seven-star coat of arms which forms the basis of the current
cantonal coat of arms dates to 1628. From this time until the
French invasion of 1798, the bishops of Sion retained their title of prince-bishops of the Holy Roman Empire only in name, being constitutionally bound to submit to the decisions of the Diet. ==Successors==