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Siege of Kunduz

The siege of Kunduz occurred during the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan. After the fall of Mazar-i-Sharif on 9 November, the focus of the Northern Alliance advance shifted towards the city of Kunduz, which was the last remaining Taliban stronghold in northern Afghanistan.

The siege
Forces under the command of General Mohammed Daud Daud rendezvoused with American Special Forces advisers and advanced on Taloqan, arriving outside the city on 11 November. There, General Daud persuaded the local Taliban leader to switch sides, thus capturing the city without firing a single shot. After seizing control of Taloqan, Daud's forces advanced on the city of Kunduz. In an attempt to achieve a victory without relying on US assistance, Daud launched a frontal assault on the city without informing the Americans. The attack ended in a disastrous failure, resulting in the deaths of several hundred Northern Alliance fighters. Following this setback, Daud regrouped his forces and laid siege to the city, this time relying on American air support to weaken the Taliban defenses. For the next eleven days, US warplanes bombarded Taliban positions, destroying 44 bunker complexes, 12 tanks, 51 trucks as well as numerous supply dumps, while inflicting losses of 2,000 killed or wounded. Some Northern Alliance leaders blamed the US for allowing the airlift to occur and expressed a desire for revenge against the foreign fighters who had been inside the city. After the final Taliban surrender on 25 November, reports began to emerge of Northern Alliance fighters looting the city and conducting executions of captured Taliban fighters. The foreign fighters were treated much more harshly than the Afghan Taliban members. The two Taliban commanders that had led the defense of Kunduz, Fazl and Noori, would later be shipped off to the Guantanamo Bay prison on the island of Cuba. ==Dasht-i-Leili massacre==
Dasht-i-Leili massacre
Human rights groups estimate that between 200 to over 1,500 captured prisoners died in or after transit to Sherberghan prison. The deaths became known as the Dasht-i-Leili massacre. Allegations have been made, notably by columnist Ted Rall and Jamie Doran's 2002 documentary Afghan Massacre: The Convoy of Death, that US troops were involved. A July 2009 New York Times report caused US president Barack Obama to order a probe into how the Bush administration handled calls for investigation of the massacre. ==References==
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