Siege of Valenciennes (1566–1567)

Valenciennes was one of the most important cities that fell to the Calvinists in 1566; even before the Beeldenstorm reached the city on 24 August 1566, the Prévost-le Comte had been driven out of the city; during the iconoclasm, the Catholic clergy were also expelled. Although the magistrate (the city council) was still Catholic, it did not dare to act against the will of the Reformed consistory, so that the Calvinists actually had power in Valenciennes. Under the leadership of the radical preachers Pérégrin de La Grange and Guido de Brès, especially the poor and textile workers were roused to lay down their work en masse, and come and listen to their sermons. The fanatical Calvinist preachers saw this as confirmation of their belief that all the people only wanted to hear God's Word, and so that the heavenly kingdom would surely soon come. Meanwhile, however, Valenciennes fell into an economic crisis because the industry had declined sharply after many textile labourers started listening to de La Grange and De Brès's preaching instead of working. But the two were not concerned with such practicalities as the economy, let alone the risk that the government would try to retake the city. Gilles le Clercq, who had served as general secretary of the Calvinist movement during the summer months, had come to Valenciennes in order to collect money for war preparations, but he was sent away by De Brès, who said he wasn't interested in that sort of thing. == Encirclement ==

As acting stadtholder of Hainaut, Noircarmes opened negotiations with the magistrate of Valenciennes to restore order. Noircarmes demanded that the urban militias, who had sided with the Protestants during the Beeldenstorm, were disbanded and a garrison of governmental troops would be placed in the city to maintain order. The Catholic magistrate would have liked to comply, but dared not to contradict the consistory; the Calvinists there stubbornly resisted letting in a garrison. Instead, the consistory ordered that the magistrate defend, improve, and fortify the city walls; as a fortress city, Valenciennes was quite defensible. Because the magistrate did not comply with his demands, Noircarmes declared the city in rebellion on 17 September 1566. Noircarmes' decision of 17 September to declare the city a rebel was finally confirmed by government placard on 14 December 1566, imposed a ban on Valenciennes. The rural population in the area was forbidden to trade or have any contact with the city, carrying weapons and holding armed gatherings was prohibited, and anyone violating these measures would be treated as an enemy of the king. This tightened the blockade, which increasingly took the form of a siege, although no artillery fire was employed yet. == Siege ==

's Nederlantsche oorloghen (1621). Initially Noircarmes limited himself to encirlement without shelling to prevent bloodshed. Two days later another group of fighters lost to Noircarmes near Lannoy. the rebellious Protestants in Valenciennes were virtually on their own. Yet they continued to fight back, and made regular sorties out of the city to forage for food in the area, and returned to Valenciennes resupplied. Several contemporary Catholic writers were amazed that untrained and ill-armed civilians lasted so long against governmental forces. The besiegers tried to starve the defenders by pillaging and destroying all the useful land in the area; in Protestant propaganda that the Calvinist rebels directed to the Geuzen nobility in the hope of outside support, they portrayed the Noircarmes government forces who employed these scorched earth tactics as the most horrific barbarians. At the beginning of March 1567, (1537–1567) gathered a Geuzen army at Oosterweel to relieve Valenciennes, but it was devastatingly defeated in the Battle of Oosterweel on 13 March by . Margaret still had patience with Valenciennes, and sent Egmont and Aarschot as mediators to the city, to no avail. De La Grange, De Brès and their allies addressed them with hubris, whereupon Noircarmes on 20 March decided to shell the city, which lasted for 36 hours. On 23 March 1567 (Palm Sunday), the defenders surrendered, and Noircarmes was able to make his entry into Valenciennes on the same day. == Aftermath ==

Initially, De La Grange and De Brès managed to escape, but they were captured and brought to Tournai on 31 March. The cities of Tournai and Valenciennes argued for a while about who should try them; Valenciennes won, and Tournai extradicted the two captives. On 31 May 1567, De La Grange and De Brès were hanged on the market square of Valenciennes. Due to Valenciennes' capitulation, other Calvinist strongholds quickly surrendered. == Notes ==