, detail of the
Deposition of Christ, Fresco in the
Lower Basilica at Assisi Duccio may be considered the "father of Sienese painting". The brothers
Pietro and
Ambrogio Lorenzetti were "responsible for a crucial development in Sienese art, moving from the tradition inherited from Duccio towards a
Gothic style, incorporating the innovations in Florence introduced by
Giotto and
Arnolfo di Cambio". "Sienese art flourished even when Siena itself had begun to decline economically and politically. And while the artists of 15th-century Siena did not enjoy the widespread patronage and respect that their 14th-century ancestors had received, the paintings and illuminated manuscripts they produced form one of the undervalued treasures in the bounty of Italian art." In the late 15th century, Siena "finally succumbed" to the
Florentine school's teachings on perspective and naturalistic representation, absorbing its "humanist culture". In the 16th century the Mannerists
Beccafumi and
Il Sodoma worked there. While
Baldassare Peruzzi was born and trained in Siena, his major works and style reflect his long career in Rome. The economic and political decline of Siena by the 16th century, and its eventual subjugation by Florence, largely checked the development of Sienese painting, although it also meant that a good proportion of Sienese works in churches and public buildings were not discarded or destroyed. ==Style==