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Sikorsky S-61

The Sikorsky S-61L and S-61N are civil variants of the SH-3 Sea King military helicopter. They were developed and produced by the American helicopter manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft.

Design and development
Background In September 1957, Sikorsky was awarded a United States Navy development contract for an amphibious anti-submarine warfare (ASW) helicopter capable of detecting and attacking submarines. Sikorsky quickly decided to pursue the development of a dedicated commercial model of the Sea King. On 2 November 1961, the S-61L conducted its maiden flight; it was longer than the HSS-2 to facilitate the carriage of a substantial payload of freight or passengers. Initial production S-61Ls were powered by two GE CT58-110 turboshafts, the civil version of the T58. The S-61L features a modified landing gear that eliminates the float stabilisers. The improved lift performance lent itself to utility operations, particularly in the construction market. A unique version is the S-61 Shortsky, a conversion of S-61Ls and S-61Ns performed by Helipro International. One modification for the S-61 is the Carson Composite Main Rotor Blade. These blades replace the original Sikorsky metal blades, which are prone to fatigue, and permit a modified aircraft to carry an additional load, fly faster and increase range . == Operational history ==
Operational history
The first civil operator to adopt the S-61 was Los Angeles Airways, which introduced the type to service on 11 March 1962. The company had reportedly bought them from Sikorsky at a unit price of $650,000 each. Sikorsky's foremost competitor in sales was Boeing Vertol, which had a Vertol 107 twin-rotor helicopter, which arrived on the market shortly after the S-61. While regarded as one of the most successful American scheduled helicopter airlines even by the 21st century, following several accidents involving its S-61s, including the crash of the prototype S-61 N300Y, Los Angeles Airways ceased operations in 1971. From 1962 to 1966, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) operated its Sikorsky S-61 helicopters for services within East Pakistan Helicopter Service (present day Bangladesh) using four S-61s. Between 1978 and 1986, an S-61 was used for an Airlink service between the London airports of Heathrow and Gatwick over a distance of ; it was operated jointly by British Caledonian Airways and British Airways Helicopters in partnership with the British Airports Authority (BAA). Numerous S-61s were also operated on other routes in Britain, often between the mainland and offshore locations such as the Channel Islands, the Scilly Islands, and various oil rigs in the North Sea. The British operator Bristow Helicopters operated several S-61s; they performed search and rescue (SAR) operations from civilian bases at Stornoway, Sumburgh, Lee-on-Solent, and Portland between 1983 and 2007. Between 1991 and 2013, the Irish Coast Guard operated its own S-61s for SAR operations. ==Variants==
Variants
;S-61L : Non-amphibious civil transport version. It seats up to 30 passengers. ;S-61L Mk II: Improved version of the S-61L, cabin equipped with cargo bins. ; : Amphibious civil transport version. ;S-61T Triton: A modernized upgrade was performed by Sikorsky and Carson Helicopters. Upgrades include composite main rotor blades, full airframe structural refurbishment, conversion of folding rotor head to non-folding, new modular wiring harness, and Cobham-supplied glass cockpit avionics. Initial models converted were S-61N. ;AS-61N-1 Silver: A license-built model of the S-61N by Agusta, with a shortened cabin. ==Operators==
Notable accidents
1960s • On 2 February 1966, Pakistan International Airlines Flight 17, operated by a Sikorsky S-61 helicopter registration AP-AOC, crashed on a scheduled domestic flight in Faridpur Division, East Pakistan after the main gearbox failed, killing 23 of the 24 passengers and crew on board. • On 10 December 1966, a Pakistan International Airlines Sikorsky S-61 helicopter registration AP-AOA crashed on a scheduled domestic flight in Dhaka, East Pakistan. • On 22 May 1968, Los Angeles Airways Flight 841 crashed near Paramount, California, resulting in the loss of 23 lives. The accident aircraft, N303Y, serial number 61060, was a Sikorsky S-61L en route to Los Angeles International Airport from the Disneyland Heliport in Anaheim, California. • On 14 August 1968, Los Angeles Airways Flight 417 crashed in Compton, California, while en route to the Disneyland Heliport in Anaheim, California from Los Angeles International Airport, resulting in the loss of 21 lives. The accident aircraft, N300Y, serial number 61031, was the prototype of the Sikorsky S-61L. 1970s • On 25 October 1973, a Greenlandair S-61N, OY-HAI "Akigssek" ("Grouse") crashed about south of Nuuk, resulting in the loss of 15 lives. It was en route to Paamiut from Nuuk. The same aircraft had an emergency landing on the Kangerlussuaq fjord two years earlier, due to flameout on both engines because of ice in the intake. • On 10 May 1974 a KLM Helikopters S-61N, registration PH-NZC, crashed en route to an oil rig in the North Sea. None of the six people on board (two crew and four passengers) survived. The probable cause was a failure in one of five rotor blades due to metal fatigue. The resulting imbalance caused the motor mounts to fail and caused a fire. The uncontrollable aircraft landed hard in the water, capsized and sank. Investigation indicated that the metal fatigue crack must have spread rapidly in less than four hours. The rotor blades are pressurized with nitrogen gas at to indicate the onset of a metal fatigue failure, yet no pressure loss was indicated during the preflight inspection. As a result of the accident, it was recommended to shorten inspection intervals. The aircraft was recovered from the North Sea floor. It was sold to Carson Helicopter in the U.S. and re-registered as N87580. • On 16 May 1977, a New York Airways commercial S-61-L, N619PA, suffered a static rollover onto its starboard side at the heliport on top of the Pan Am Building while boarding passengers. The accident killed four boarding passengers, including filmmaker Michael Findlay, and one woman on the street. Seventeen additional passengers and the three flight crew members were uninjured. The landing gear collapse resulted from metal fatigue in the helicopter's main landing gear shock-absorbing strut assembly, which caused the helicopter to tip over without warning. The accident resulted in the permanent closure of the Pan Am Building heliport. As the heliport was closed, the wreckage was removed by disassembling it and taking the assemblies down to street level using the building's freight elevators. The airframe was taken to Cape Town, South Africa, where it was rebuilt, certified and returned to service for the Ship-Service Role off the shores of the Western Cape by the company "Court Helicopter" which was later amalgamated with CHC. 1980s • On 16 July 1983, British Airways Helicopters' commercial S-61 G-BEON crashed in the southern Celtic Sea, in the Atlantic Ocean, en route from Penzance to St Mary's, Isles of Scilly, in thick fog. Only 6 of the 26 on board survived. It sparked a review of helicopter safety and was the worst civilian helicopter disaster in the UK until 1986. • On 20 March 1985, an Okanagan Helicopters S-61N (C-GOKZ) ditched in the Atlantic Ocean off Owls Head, Nova Scotia. The aircraft was en route from the MODU Sedco 709 offshore Nova Scotia to the Halifax International Airport (YHZ) when the main gearbox suffered a total loss of transmission fluid. There were 15 passengers and 2 crew on board. There were no injuries during the ditching; however, several passengers suffered varying degrees of hypothermia. As a result of this incident, improved thermal protection and other advancements in helicopter transportation suits were instituted for offshore workers on Canada's east coast. • On 13 July 1988, a British International Helicopters S-61N, registration G-BEID, suffered an engine failure and fire and ditched into the North Sea. There were no injuries. 1990s • On 25 July 1990, a British International Helicopters S-61, registration G-BEWL, from Sumburgh Airport crashed onto the Brent Spar oil storage platform as the pilots attempted to land. The aircraft fell into the North Sea, where 6 of the 13 passengers and crew on board died. 2000s • On 8 July 2006, a Sociedad de Salvamento y Seguridad Marítima S-61N Mk.II search and rescue helicopter, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean while flying from Tenerife to La Palma. There were no survivors among the six people on board. • On 5 August 2008, two pilots and seven firefighters assigned to the Iron Complex fire in California's Shasta–Trinity National Forest, were killed when Carson Helicopters' S-61N N612AZ crashed on takeoff. Of the thirteen people reportedly on board, one other pilot and three firefighters survived the crash with serious or critical injuries. The NTSB determined that the probable causes were the following actions by Carson Helicopters: 1) the intentional understatement of the helicopter's empty weight, 2) the alteration of the power available chart to exaggerate lift capability, and 3) the use of unapproved above-minimum specification torque in performance calculations that, collectively, resulted in the pilots’ relying on performance calculations that significantly overestimated load-carrying capacity and without an adequate performance margin for a successful takeoff; and insufficient oversight by the U.S. Forest Service and the Federal Aviation Administration. Contributing factors were the flight crew's failure to address the fact that the helicopter had approached its maximum performance capability on two prior departures from the accident site, as they were accustomed to operating at its performance limit. Contributing to the fatalities were the immediate, intense fire due to a fuel spillage upon impact from the fuel tanks that were not crash-resistant, the separation from the floor of the cabin seats that were not crash-resistant, and the use of an inappropriate release mechanism on the seat restraints. 2020s • On 22 February 2022, an S-61N being flown by Croman Corporation in support of a training operation, crashed and killed the four occupants, at the Pacific Missile Range Facility on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. ==Specifications (S-61N Mk II)==
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