Thompson was born on 19 June 1851 to a
Quaker family in
York, England. His father served as a master at the Quaker
Bootham School in York and he also studied there. In 1873 Silvanus Thompson was made the science master at the school. He graduated and sat for
Bachelor of Arts University of London external degree in 1869. After a teaching apprenticeship he was awarded a scholarship to the
Royal School of Mines (RSM) in South Kensington, where he studied chemistry and physics. He graduated with honors with a Bachelor of Science degree and started working at RSM. He soon became a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical and Physical Society; he participated in meetings—lectures with demonstrations of experiments organized at the Royal Institution. On 11 February 1876 he heard
Sir William Crookes give an evening discourse at the
Royal Institution on
The Mechanical Action of Light when Crookes demonstrated his light mill or
radiometer. Thompson was intrigued and stimulated and developed a major interest in light and optics (his other main interest being
electromagnetism). In 1876 he was appointed as a lecturer in
physics at
University College, Bristol, and later was made Professor in 1878 at the age of 27. He had received a D.Sc. from the University of London in 1878. A major concern of Thompson was the area of technical education and he made a series of continental tours to France, Germany and Switzerland to compare the continental approach to that in the UK. In 1879 he gave a paper at the
Royal Society of Arts on
Apprenticeship, Scientific and Unscientific in which he detailed the deficiencies in technical education in England. In the discussion, the opinion was expressed that England was too conservative to make use of trade schools and that continental methods would not be applicable in the UK. Thompson recognised that technical education was the means by which scientific knowledge could be put into action and spent the rest of his life putting his vision into practical realisation. In 1878 the
City and Guilds of London Institute for the Advancement of Technical Education was founded.
Finsbury Technical College was a teaching institution created by the City and Guilds Institute and it was as its Principal and Professor of Physics that Thompson was to devote the next 30 years. Thompson's particular gift was in his ability to communicate difficult scientific concepts in a clear and interesting manner. He attended and lectured at the Royal Institution giving the
Christmas lectures in 1896 on
Light, Visible and Invisible with an account of
Röntgen Light. He was an impressive lecturer and the radiologist AE Barclay said that: "None who heard him could forget the vividness of the word-pictures he placed before them". In 1891 Thompson developed the idea of a telegraph submarine cable that could increase the distance of the electrical pulse and therefore increase the speed of transmitting words across the telegraph cable. Until then there was an average speed of between 10 and 50 words per minute but his design was to counteract the discharging of electrical energy across the cable by introducing a return earth as part of the internal electrical structure of the cable (something like
coaxial cable today). His idea, written about by Charles Bright in his book "Submarine Telegraphs", discusses the idea that the two wires could be designed as separate conductors but along their path they would be connected by an
induction coil. This would allow for the introduction of capacitance and therefore allow for the distance of the electrical charge to increase so increasing the word count. This was a design that would help revolutionise submarine telegraphy and the future of telephone submarine systems. Thompson repeated Röntgen's experiments on the day after the discovery was announced in the UK and following this gave the first public demonstration of the new rays at the
Clinical Society of London on 30 March 1896.
William Hale-White said: "The audience was thrilled, most seeing for the first time actual pieces of bones and metal. Silvanus Thompson was a prince among lecturers. I have never heard a better demonstration or attended a more memorable medical meeting". He was the first President of the Röntgen Society (later to become the
British Institute of Radiology). He described the society as being between medicine, physics and photography. It was his genius that put its stamp on that society and has made it into the rich amalgam of medical, scientific and technical members that it is today. As he said in his presidential address to the Röntgen Society: "The pioneers have opened the way into the wilderness; they are now being followed by those who will occupy the new territory, complete its survey, and map out its features. Not until every corner is explored and charted will the work of our Society be ended". In 1900 Thompson was involved in the controversial
Whitehall attack on
Marconi's patents, when the
Post Office commissioned both him and
Professor Oliver Lodge to produce secret reports. The purpose was either to declare the
Marconi Company patents invalid, or to produce similar, but technically different equipment: the latter involved Thompson. When the
Admiralty received the two reports it was the pioneer of
wireless telegraphy Captain (later, Admiral Sir)
Henry Jackson, then commanding HMS Vulcan, whose opinion led a senior naval officer to report, "it would be unworthy to try to evade the Marconi Company's patent." Thompson was committed to truth in all aspects and his 1915
Swarthmore Lecture delivered to the
Society of Friends was
The Quest for Truth, indicating his belief in truth and integrity in all aspects of our lives. Thompson remained an active member of the
Religious Society of Friends, throughout his life He died in London, after a short illness, on 12 June 1916, leaving a widow and four daughters. ==Literary works==