In 1340 Simeon, the eldest son of
Ivan Kalita, was stationed in
Nizhny Novgorod. Upon receiving news of his father's death, Simeon and his brothers Andrey and
Ivan left for the
Golden Horde to seek
Uzbeg Khan's patent (
yarlyk) for taking over the title of Grand Prince. Rivals
Konstantin of Tver and
Konstantin of Suzdal also paid their homage to the Khan, claiming seniority over Moscow princes. Simeon won the patent through bribing the Khan's retinue; princes of
Tver and
Suzdal had to agree to his seniority; Uzbeq also extended his benevolence to Simeon's issue. which can be loosely translated as
seneschal or
stolnik. Also in 1340, Simeon engaged in his first military standoff with
Veliky Novgorod. Simeon claimed his right to collect taxes in the Novgorodian town of
Torzhok. Torzhok
boyars locked up Simeon's tax collectors and called for help from Novgorod. Simeon and metropolitan
Theognostus hastily organized a coalition of princes against Novgorod, claiming that "They [Novgorodians] make war and peace with whomever they please, consulting no one. Novgorod regards not all Russia, and will not obey her Grand Prince", referring to Novgorod incursions into
Ustyuzhna and
Beloe Ozero. As the coalition forces approached Novgorodian lands, the people of Torzhok revolted against the boyars and sided with Muscovite troops.
Novgorod Republic accepted the fact and ceded all taxes from the Torzhok area, estimated at 1000 roubles in silver annually, to Simeon who agreed to honor the existing
civic charter. In 1341, shortly after the dismissal of the Muscovite coalition army,
Algirdas (then prince of
Vitebsk, allied with prince of
Smolensk) besieged
Mozhaysk. News of the death of
Gediminas forced Algirdas to quit the campaign before Simeon could arrange a military response.
Uzbeg Khan, Simeon's sovereign, died soon afterwards; his successor,
Jani Beg, secured the control of the Horde through killing his brothers. Simeon and Theognostus had to travel to the Horde again. Jani Beg reassured Simeon in his rights and let him go, but kept Theognostus hostage to extort money from the church; eventually, Theognostus was released for 600 roubles. In 1333, Simeon married Aigusta (Anastasia), sister of Algirdas. After her death in 1345, Simeon married Eupraxia of Smolensk, but soon sent her back to her family, claiming that Eupraxia was cursed since the wedding and "appears to be dead each night". Eupraxia remarried Prince Fominsky, and Simeon married Maria of Tver; their four sons died in infancy. Throughout the 1340s, Lithuanian and Swedish military campaigns and internal political disarray decreased the influence of the Novgorod Republic. Simeon, whose title of Grand Prince obliged him to protect Novgorod, was reluctant to do so, as if expecting the weakened republic to collapse for his own benefit. In 1347, when Novgorodians called for help against the Swedes, Simeon dispatched his brother Ivan and Constantine of Rostov; the envoys refused to fight for the Novgorodians. Simeon himself was busy with offsetting the Lithuanians' influence in the Horde, meanwhile harboring two renegade Lithuanian princes as potential claimants to the Lithuanian crown. He manipulated Jani Beg into believing that increasing Lithuanian influence had become the most important threat to the Horde. Jani Beg eventually concurred with Simeon's envoys (of Mongolian ethnicity) In 1351–1352, Simeon raised arms against Algirdas over control of small towns in the
Smolensk area. This conflict, again, did not develop into an open war as Algirdas preferred negotiations to fighting. Although the first round of talks was broken by Lithuanians, Simeon secured the disputed towns for Moscow. This campaign was his last act of Simeon's life. The
Black Death was recorded in present-day southern Russia and Ukraine as early as 1346. It hit
Scandinavia in 1349,
Pskov at the beginning of 1352 and Novgorod in August 1352; by the end of the year, two-thirds of Pskov were reported dead. The same pattern repeated in Lithuania and north-eastern Russia. In 1353
plague arrived in Moscow, killing Theognostus, Simeon, his two sons, Simeon Simeonovich, Ivan Simeonovich and his brother Andrey who survived Simeon by six weeks. Before his death in 1353, Simeon took
monastic vows and took the name of Sozont. He installed
Alexis as Metropolitan of Moscow, successor to the late Theognostus, and secured a profitable
estate for Maria. Simeon's will is considered to be the first usage of paper in Russia, as
parchment was used previously. Simeon is buried in the
Archangel Cathedral of the
Moscow Kremlin. == Issue ==