Sino-Pakistan Agreement

showing the border of pre-independence British India near Shimshal. The entire Shaksgam Valley is included, as is the Raskam Valley till the confluence. In 1959, Pakistan became concerned that Chinese maps showed areas of Pakistan in China. In 1961, Pakistani President Ayub Khan sent a formal note to China, with no reply. After Pakistan voted to grant China a seat in the United Nations, the Chinese withdrew the disputed maps in January 1962, agreeing to enter border talks in March. The willingness of the Chinese to enter the agreement was welcomed by the people of Pakistan. Negotiations between the nations officially began on October 13, 1962, and resulted in an agreement being signed on 2 March 1963. For example, according to Pakistani diplomat Abdul Sattar, after the border alignment was already agreed, the Pakistan side realised that grazing lands falling on the Chinese side had historically been used by inhabitants of Hunza. (dashed segments with circles)2. 1905 modification to Macartney–MacDonald Line (solid dots)3. The China-Pakistan Border as settled in 1963 (star symbols)4. Traditional border shown on many British maps (dashed lines) == Analysis ==

The historian Alastair Lamb, noting the Indian stance in his analysis of the agreement, states that the Indian government has repeatedly used the agreement to claim "existence of a Pakistan-China “axis” directed towards the humiliation of India". Lamb claims that contrary to Indian claims, China ceded some of area to Pakistan between Shimshal Pass and Uprang Jilga River which had been placed within Chinese territory under 1905 border. Sumit Ganguly states that Pakistan gained in return of ceding its claim over in Shaksgam. According to Neville Maxwell, Pakistan gave up only map claims while China had to withdraw from the territory it administered. The territory over which claims overlapped covered . China got control over with Pakistani control over the rest. China also relinquished its claims over Hunza. == Significance ==

The agreement was moderately economically advantageous to Pakistan, which received grazing lands in the deal, but of far more significance politically, as it both diminished potential for conflict between China and Pakistan and, Syed indicates, "placed China formally and firmly on record as maintaining that Kashmir did not, as yet, belong to India. Time, reporting on the matter in 1963, expressed the opinion that by signing the agreement Pakistan had further "dimmed hopes of settlement" of the Kashmir conflict between Pakistan and India. Under this Sino-Pakistan Agreement, Pakistani control to a part of northern Kashmir was recognised by China. During this period, China was in dispute with India regarding Kashmir's eastern boundary, with India making claims of the border having been demarcated beforehand and China making claims that such demarcations had never happened. Pakistan and China recognised in their agreement that the border had been neither delimited nor demarcated, providing support to the Chinese position. According to ''Jane's International Defence Review'', the agreement was also of significance in the Cold War, as Pakistan had ties with the United States and membership in the Central Treaty Organization and the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization. The agreement was part of an overall tightening of association with China for Pakistan, which resulted in Pakistan's distancing from the United States. After defining borders, the two countries also entered into agreements with respect to trade and air-travel, the latter of which was the first such international agreement China had entered with a country that was not Communist. == Modification of Treaty ==

Article six states that pending the final settlement of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan, a fresh treaty will be drawn up. ==Relation to the claim by the Republic of China==

The Republic of China now based in and commonly known as Taiwan does not recognise any Chinese territorial changes based on any border agreements signed by the People's Republic of China with any other countries, including this one, in accordance to the Constitution of the Republic of China and its Additional Articles. However, due to the political status of Taiwan, Pakistan and the PRC do not recognise the legitimacy of the ROC in Taiwan. ==See also==

;Notes ;Citations ;Bibliography • • == Further reading ==