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Sinomegaceros

Sinomegaceros is an extinct genus of deer known from the Late Pliocene/Early Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene of Central and East Asia. It is considered to be part of the group of "giant deer", with a close relationship to Megaloceros. Many members of the genus are noted for their distinctive palmate antler brow tines.

Taxonomy
The first species of the genus S. ordosianus and S. pachyosteus were named by pioneering Chinese paleontologist C. C. Young as species of Cervus in 1932 for material from Zhoukoudian. In a review of the paper the subsequent year Dietrich created the name Sinomegaceros as a subgenus of Cervus to house the species, with S. pachyosteus as the type species. Due to the fact that the name was not published in a formal research paper, it was not widely used for several decades after publication. In the following decades various researchers considered it a subgenus of Megaloceros, or a distinct genus. Several named species are likely to be junior synonyms. Named species include: Sinomegaceros has often been considered closely related to other genera "giant deer", like Praemegaceros and Megaloceros, as part of the tribe Megacerini.'' Mitochondrial genomes from Late Pleistocene Chinese and Siberian Sinomegaceros (including S. ordosianus and S. pachyosteus) indicate that the mitochondrial diversity of the Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus, also known as the giant deer) is nested within the diversity of Sinomegaceros, suggesting that the two lineages interbred after their initial split. This interbreeding may have occurred in the contact region between the two groups in Siberia. Relationships of Sinomegaceros'' mitochondrial genomes after Xiao, et al. 2023 }}}}}}}} == Description ==
Description
Species of Sinomegaceros were large deer, with estimated body masses for Chinese Pleistocene species ranging from in S. pachyosteus to in S. konwanlinensis, with S. ordosianus estimated at . Remains attributed to the genus in Central Asia are even larger, with the body mass of S. tadzhikistanis being estimated at , while an indeterminate species from the Pleistocene locality of Lakhuti 2 in Tajikistan was estimated , making it one of the largest deer known.supplemental material The antlers have palmate (flat and broad) brow tines (the first major branch closest to the base of the antler), with the palmation generally orientated transversely and vertically. The mandibles of Sinomegaceros, like those of Megaloceros giganteus, are robust and display pachyostosis (thickening/high density) with the robustness being the most extreme in S. pachyosteus. == Ecology ==
Ecology
S. yabei and S. pachyosteus are suggested to have been grazers. '' In Middle-Late Pleistocene Japan, S. yabei lived alongside the elephant Palaeoloxodon naumanni, sika deer (Cervus nippon), Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus), moose (Alces alces), Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus), the extinct steppe bison (Bison priscus) brown bears (Ursus arctos), black bears (Ursus thibetanus), wolves (Canis lupus), and cave lions (Panthera spelaea). == Evolution ==
Evolution
One of the oldest species in the genus is Sinomegaceros tadzhikistanis, known from the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of Tajikistan. The oldest species of the genus in China is Sinomegaceros konwanlinensis, from Gongwaling in Northern China, dating to the Early Pleistocene, around 1.6 million years ago. Radiocarbon dates for S. ordosianus in Northeastern China extend as recently as the Last Glacial Maximum, around 22,000 years ago. == Relationship with humans ==
Relationship with humans
Remains of S. yabei at Lake Nojiri in Nagano Prefecture of Honshu, Japan, dating to approximately 37,900 to 42,600 years Before Present have been found associated with spear-shaped wood pieces and large pebbles, with the long bones fractured, with their fragments bearing percussive marks, suggesting that these deer (alongside elephants belonging to the species Palaeoloxodon naumanni) were butchered by humans at the site, with the long bones likely cracked to extract bone marrow. S. ordosianus is suggested to have likely been hunted by archaic humans, based on the finds of its remains in Chinese Paleolithic archaeological sites. == References ==
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